Roosting Deterrent Systems in Napa, California. WD Pigeon Solutions provides professional roosting deterrent systems services for Napa property owners, including multi-species effectiveness, commercial-grade deterrents, virtually invisible systems. Contact us for a free inspection in Napa, California.
Roosting Deterrent Systems in Napa, California
Multi-layered deterrent systems combining visual, auditory, and physical methods to make your property inhospitable to roosting pigeons — trusted by Napa property owners for lasting, humane results.
Last updated: February 28, 2026 · Reviewed by WD Pigeon Solutions pest control specialists
Why Napa Property Owners Need Professional Roosting Deterrent Systems
Our Roosting Deterrent Systems program in Napa begins with a detailed inspection of dock pilings and rooftop HVAC units, followed by precision installation of exclusion hardware.
Structures like boardwalk structures and marina buildings in Napa offer pigeons sheltered nesting sites, while beach picnic waste areas keep flocks well fed.
Occupational health studies confirm that prolonged exposure to pigeon waste in Napa buildings can lead to allergic alveolitis, commonly known as pigeon breeder's lung, even in people who do not handle birds directly.
From initial survey to final walkthrough, our Napa service is designed to deliver measurable results: fewer pigeons, less damage, and a cleaner property.
Owners of retail boardwalk shops and coastal apartment complexes face ongoing maintenance costs as pigeon guano accelerates the deterioration of painted surfaces, metal fixtures, and stonework.
During year-round with peaks in spring, Napa's mild, humid coastal climate with salt-air exposure drives pigeons to seek sheltered rooftops and building cavities where warmth and food are nearby.
In Napa, combining physical barriers with regular professional inspections delivers the most cost-effective pigeon prevention, avoiding the cycle of infestation, cleanup, and re-infestation.
Call WD Pigeon Solutions to schedule your complimentary Napa property assessment—our team will identify every problem area and recommend the right solution.
Where We Install Roosting Deterrent Systems in Napa
Our Napa team has installed roosting deterrent solutions across all property types throughout California.
High-Priority Roosting Deterrent Systems Locations in Napa
These Napa property types see the most urgent demand for professional roosting deterrent.
Napa Commercial fishing facilities
Pigeon activity around commercial fishing facilities in Napa frequently targets dock pilings, with harbor trash sustaining flocks that cause droppings, nesting debris, and health concerns.
Napa Marina buildings
Marina buildings face recurring pigeon pressure in Napa. Colonies establish around rooftop HVAC units and are sustained by fishing bait, making professional roosting deterrent essential for long-term protection.
Napa Retail boardwalk shops
Retail boardwalk shops in Napa are prime candidates for roosting deterrent due to heavy pigeon pressure around lighthouse service walkways. Nearby beach picnic waste areas draw flocks that quickly establish colonies.
Napa Beachfront hotels
Roosting Deterrent is increasingly requested for beachfront hotels in Napa, particularly to protect bridge cable housings and reduce contamination caused by fish processing waste.
Napa Waterfront residences
Waterfront residences in Napa combine sheltered dock pilings with nearby harbor trash, creating ideal conditions for persistent pigeon colonies that roosting deterrent can address.
Napa Fishing piers
Pigeon activity around fishing piers in Napa frequently targets rooftop HVAC units, with fishing bait sustaining flocks that cause droppings, nesting debris, and health concerns.
Our Roosting Deterrent Systems Process in Napa
Step 1: Free On-Site Napa Evaluation
Our first step is understanding exactly what your Napa property faces. We inspect ferry terminal buildings and fishing piers for roosting activity, check balcony railings for nesting material, and document the extent of dropping accumulation — all at no cost to you.
Step 2: Precision Roosting Deterrent Systems Design
Your Napa treatment plan maps every affected surface — lighthouse service walkways on boardwalk structures, ledges on beachfront hotels, and secondary roost points around commercial fishing facilities. The plan includes material specifications, coverage diagrams, and a transparent cost breakdown.
Step 3: Systematic Roosting Deterrent Deployment
Our Napa crew works section by section through every mapped treatment zone. Each roosting deterrent component is installed to manufacturer specifications, with special attention to high-pressure points around lighthouse service walkways and ferry terminal buildings where pigeon activity is most intense.
Step 4: Final Walkthrough and Reporting
Before closing, we verify every roosting deterrent installation on your Napa property with a detailed walkthrough. You receive itemized documentation of all work completed on balcony railings, coastal restaurants and bars, and other treated zones.
Step 5: Guaranteed Pigeon-Free Results
We stand behind every roosting deterrent installation in Napa. Our guarantee covers all treated areas — from rooftop HVAC units to boardwalk structures — for the full warranty term. If pigeon activity recurs, we fix it at our expense.
Why Napa Chooses WD Pigeon Solutions for Roosting Deterrent Systems
The right roosting deterrent systems provider in Napa combines technical skill with local insight. We understand how pigeons exploit balcony railings and rooftop HVAC units across Napa's boardwalk structures, and we apply that knowledge to every project.
- Building-specific solutions — different approaches for boardwalk structures versus beachfront hotels based on actual pigeon pressure patterns
- Materials rated for Napa's mild, humid coastal climate with salt-air exposure — UV-stabilized, corrosion-resistant products that last for years
- Transparent pricing — written quotes with itemized costs before any work starts
- Licensed and insured — full general liability and worker's comp coverage in California
- Warranty-backed results — if pigeons return to any treated balcony railings or rooftop HVAC units, we come back at no charge
- Flexible scheduling — evening and weekend availability to minimize disruption to your Napa operations
We've built our reputation in Napa one successful roosting deterrent project at a time. Our recommendations are based on what works for your specific hospitality properties or commercial fishing facilities — not a generic template applied to every property.
What Our Customers Say
Trusted by thousands of homeowners and businesses
“The property damage assessment they provided was incredibly detailed. We used it to file an insurance claim for the pigeon damage to our roof and HVAC system. The claim was approved and covered most of the repair and prevention costs.”
Gregory Adams
Indianapolis, IN · Property Damage Assessment
“Our downtown restaurant was losing customers because of pigeons on the patio. WD Pigeon Solutions installed a nearly invisible netting system over our outdoor dining area. Customers love it and we passed our health inspection with flying colors.”
Robert Chen
Los Angeles, CA · Restaurant Pigeon Solutions
“Pigeons were destroying our hotel's pool area. Guests complained constantly about droppings on lounge chairs and in the water. The deterrent system they installed is invisible to guests but 100% effective. Our reviews have improved dramatically.”
Jennifer Williams
Miami, FL · Hotel Bird Management
“The seasonal prevention program has been a game-changer for our property management company. WD Pigeon Solutions comes out quarterly, inspects all our properties, and addresses any issues before they become infestations. Proactive and reliable.”
Jason Patel
Henderson, NV · Seasonal Pigeon Prevention
“We own a warehouse and the pigeon situation was creating serious OSHA concerns. The team installed a comprehensive netting system across our 50,000 sq ft ceiling. The installation crew was professional and finished ahead of schedule.”
Michael O'Brien
Denver, CO · Warehouse Bird Control
“The gutter guards they installed are fantastic. Pigeons were constantly nesting in our gutters, causing water damage to our foundation. Now the gutters flow freely and there's no place for pigeons to nest. Should have done this years ago.”
Christopher Lee
Philadelphia, PA · Gutter Guard Installation
“Pigeons had completely taken over our church steeple. The droppings were damaging our 100-year-old stonework. WD Pigeon Solutions used methods that protected the historic architecture while completely eliminating the pigeon colony. Truly expert work.”
Karen Phillips
Atlanta, GA · Church Steeple Protection
“I was skeptical about the pigeon birth control program, but the results speak for themselves. Our building's pigeon population has dropped by over 80% in eight months. It's the most humane and effective long-term solution I've seen.”
Amanda Nguyen
San Francisco, CA · Pigeon Birth Control (OvoControl)
“Managing a 40-story office building with a pigeon problem is a nightmare. WD Pigeon Solutions brought in rope-access technicians who installed bird spikes on every ledge. The building looks clean for the first time in years. Our tenants are thrilled.”
David Park
Chicago, IL · Bird Spikes Installation
“As a property manager for 12 commercial buildings, I've tried every pigeon control company in the area. WD Pigeon Solutions is the only one that delivers lasting results. They now handle all our properties and the tenants couldn't be happier.”
Daniel Jackson
Charlotte, NC · Commercial Bird Exclusion
“We had an emergency situation with pigeons getting into our medical clinic through a damaged vent. WD Pigeon Solutions arrived within hours, safely removed the birds, sanitized the area, and installed proper vent screens. Fast and professional.”
Samantha White
Columbus, OH · Emergency Pigeon Removal
“Running a daycare with pigeons on the playground was a constant worry. WD Pigeon Solutions installed deterrents around the entire outdoor play area. The parents are relieved and the kids can play without pigeon droppings everywhere.”
Jessica Rivera
Orlando, FL · Pigeon Feces Disease Prevention
“We needed our loading dock cleared of pigeons before a major FDA inspection. WD Pigeon Solutions responded within 24 hours, removed all nests, cleaned and sanitized the entire dock area, and installed deterrents. We passed the inspection.”
Steven Barnes
Dallas, TX · Loading Dock Bird Control
“We run a food processing plant and a pigeon infestation nearly shut us down. WD Pigeon Solutions mobilized a team the next morning. They cleared the facility, sealed every opening, and set up a monitoring program. We haven't had an issue since.”
Nicole Davis
Minneapolis, MN · Industrial Pigeon Control
“Our rooftop AC units were full of pigeon nests and the smell coming through the vents was terrible. WD Pigeon Solutions cleaned everything out, installed screening around all units, and the air quality improved immediately. Life-changing.”
Emily Watson
San Diego, CA · AC Unit Protection
“Pigeons were getting into our retail store through gaps in the roof every time the loading door opened. The strip curtain and exclusion system they installed solved both the pigeon and the temperature control problem. Highly recommend.”
Stephanie Clark
San Jose, CA · Retail Store Bird Solutions
“Our school district hired WD Pigeon Solutions to address pigeon problems at three campuses. They handled everything—assessment, removal, cleanup, and prevention—across all locations. The kids and teachers are much happier without pigeons on the playground.”
William Turner
Nashville, TN · School & Campus Bird Control
“We manage a grain storage facility and pigeons were consuming and contaminating tons of product annually. WD Pigeon Solutions designed a complete exclusion system for our silos and storage buildings. The contamination losses have dropped to zero.”
Kevin Morris
Detroit, MI · Agricultural Bird Control
“We had pigeons nesting under every solar panel on our roof. WD Pigeon Solutions installed mesh guards around all 24 panels and cleaned up years of droppings. Our solar output increased by 15% after the cleanup. Worth every penny.”
James Mitchell
Phoenix, AZ · Solar Panel Pigeon Protection
“Our wedding venue was losing bookings because of pigeons roosting on the ceremony pergola. The deterrent gel they applied is completely invisible but pigeons won't land on it. We've had four pigeon-free weddings since the treatment.”
Laura Scott
Tampa, FL · Pigeon Deterrent Gel
“Our parking garage had a massive pigeon problem. Cars were getting damaged, tenants were threatening to leave. The electric track deterrent system they installed on every level was the only thing that worked. Zero pigeons now.”
Brian Foster
New York City, NY · Parking Garage Bird Control
“The pigeon problem at our apartment complex was out of control. Droppings everywhere, nests in every corner. The team installed bird netting and spikes across the entire building. Haven't seen a single pigeon in three months.”
Sarah Thompson
Las Vegas, NV · Bird Netting Installation
“Our historic downtown building was being destroyed by pigeon droppings. The team used heritage-sensitive methods that don't damage the original architecture. The building looks beautiful again and the pigeons are gone. Excellent attention to detail.”
Andrew Campbell
Salt Lake City, UT · Historical Building Protection
“After three different companies failed to solve our pigeon problem, WD Pigeon Solutions got it done right. They did a thorough assessment, identified entry points we didn't even know existed, and sealed everything. Problem solved permanently.”
Lisa Anderson
Seattle, WA · Structural Exclusion
“The bird spikes on our commercial building were long overdue. The installation team worked over a weekend to minimize disruption to our business. Clean, professional work and the pigeons are completely gone from our ledges.”
Thomas Rodriguez
San Antonio, TX · Bird Spikes Installation
“The pigeon wire installation on our office building's ledges is invisible from the ground but incredibly effective. No more pigeons, no more droppings on the sidewalk below, no more complaints from visitors. Professional installation from start to finish.”
Megan Taylor
Raleigh, NC · Pigeon Wire Installation
“We tried every DIY pigeon solution on the market before calling WD Pigeon Solutions. Fake owls, shiny tape, sound machines—nothing worked. Their professional exclusion system solved the problem in one visit. Don't waste time with DIY. Call the pros.”
Heather Brown
Austin, TX · Residential Pigeon Control
“I called about pigeons in my attic and they came out the same day. They removed over 30 nests, sanitized everything, and sealed every entry point. It's been six months and not a single pigeon has gotten back in. Incredible service.”
Maria Gonzalez
Houston, TX · Attic Pigeon Removal
“The dropping cleanup alone was worth calling them. They power-washed our entire building facade, treated everything with antimicrobial solution, and then installed spikes and wire to prevent the pigeons from returning. Building looks brand new.”
Mark Sullivan
Boston, MA · Dropping Cleanup & Sanitization
“The balcony of our condo was unusable because of pigeons. They installed a custom netting system that's barely visible and matches our building's aesthetic. We can finally enjoy our outdoor space again. Thank you!”
Rachel Kim
Portland, OR · Balcony Pigeon Proofing
“Third solar panel company told us we needed pigeon protection or they wouldn't honor the warranty. WD Pigeon Solutions installed critter guards on all 32 panels in one day. Clean work, fair price, and our warranty stays intact.”
Ryan Cooper
Scottsdale, AZ · Solar Panel Pigeon Protection
“I had pigeons nesting in my chimney and could hear them cooing all night. The team installed a heavy-duty chimney cap and removed all the nesting material. No more noise, no more mess. Quick and affordable service.”
Patricia Martinez
Tucson, AZ · Chimney Cap Installation
Common Pigeon Problems in Napa That Require Roosting Deterrent Systems
Structures like beachfront hotels and beach parking structures in Napa offer pigeons sheltered nesting sites, while fishing bait keep flocks well fed.
Vehicle owners near pigeon-infested Napa buildings face paint damage from droppings, which can etch clear coat finishes within hours of contact.
Accumulated pigeon waste in Napa creates a breeding ground for pathogens responsible for histoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and psittacosis—diseases that pose serious respiratory risks.
Persistent odor from accumulated droppings, increased insect activity around pigeon waste, and visible birds entering wall gaps are clear signals of an active infestation in Napa properties.
Insurance claims related to pigeon damage are on the rise for marina offices and coastal apartment complexes, with corrosion, drain blockages, and fire hazards from nesting material among the most common issues.
Characterized by its mild, humid coastal climate with salt-air exposure, Napa sees the highest pigeon breeding pressure during year-round with peaks in spring, when nesting accelerates rapidly.
When to Schedule Roosting Deterrent Systems in Napa
Timing your roosting deterrent work with Napa's seasonal pigeon patterns maximizes effectiveness.
Spring (Mar–May)
45–75°FNesting ramps up across coastal and valley cities. Mountain areas see delayed spring activity.
Recommendation
Coastal properties should begin exclusion in February. Mountain areas by April.
Summer (Jun–Aug)
60–90°FPeak breeding in all sub-regions. Tech campuses, ports, and dining areas see heavy pigeon traffic.
Recommendation
Maintain all deterrent systems and address new problem areas quickly.
Fall (Sep–Nov)
45–75°FStable populations continue breeding in coastal areas. Interior flocks begin consolidating for winter.
Recommendation
Annual maintenance inspections should be completed before November.
Winter (Dec–Feb)
30–60°FCoastal cities see minimal change. Mountain and interior locations see birds seeking heated shelter.
Recommendation
Pacific coast properties need year-round programs. Interior properties should inspect heated areas.
Napa Weather and Roosting Deterrent Systems Timing
How Napa's seasonal climate affects pigeon behavior and optimal roosting deterrent scheduling.
| Season | Avg High | Avg Low | Precipitation | Pigeon Impact |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spring | 62°F | 47°F | 3.3 in/mo | Nesting ramps up in coastal and valley areas |
| Summer | 75°F | 57°F | 1.3 in/mo | Peak activity; outdoor dining creates food (peak activity: year-round with peaks in spring) |
| Fall | 61°F | 48°F | 3.6 in/mo | Stable populations; pre-winter preparation |
| Winter | 47°F | 38°F | 5.0 in/mo | Coastal activity persists; mountain retreat |
Roosting Deterrent Systems Facts Every Napa Property Owner Should Know
Roosting Deterrent Systems Facts for Napa Property Owners
- A single pigeon produces approximately 25 lbs of droppings per year — across a typical urban flock, beachfront retail plazas in Napa can accumulate hundreds of pounds of corrosive waste annually
- Professional roosting deterrent systems in Napa typically costs far less than the accumulated damage from untreated pigeon infestations on beachfront retail plazas
- In Napa, pigeon breeding activity peaks during year-round with peaks in spring, when the mild, humid coastal climate with salt-air exposure supports rapid population growth and multiple nesting cycles per pair
- Pigeon guano near HVAC intakes on beach parking structures can distribute fungal spores throughout entire buildings, increasing respiratory health risks for occupants
- Properties with visible pigeon activity often experience reduced appeal and higher maintenance costs, making proactive roosting deterrent a protection measure for waterfront residences owners
- Dried pigeon droppings become airborne particulate matter that can transmit histoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and psittacosis — a particular concern for marina offices in Napa
- Pigeon nesting debris near electrical equipment and in dock pilings represents a fire hazard that proper roosting deterrent eliminates
- Pigeon droppings are acidic (pH 3.5–4.5) and corrode metal, concrete, stonework, and painted surfaces on beach parking structures and waterfront condos over time, leading to costly repairs
Our Services
Professional pigeon and bird control solutions tailored to your property and needs.
Pigeon Control
Complete pigeon removal and population management for residential and commercial properties. We use humane, proven methods to eliminate pigeon problems for good.
Learn MorePigeon Exclusion
Permanent physical barriers that prevent pigeons from roosting and nesting. Solar panel guards, building exclusion, and custom solutions for any structure.
Learn More
Solar Panel Protection
Protect your solar investment with critter guard mesh that prevents pigeon nesting under panels. Preserves energy output and manufacturer warranties.
Learn MoreRoosting Deterrent Systems in Napa — Expert Pigeon Control
Watch how WD Pigeon Solutions delivers professional roosting deterrent for Napa, California property owners.
Free Pigeon Control Tools
Use our interactive tools to assess your pigeon problem and find the right solution.
Infestation Severity Assessment
Answer a series of questions about your pigeon problem to determine the severity level and get recommended next steps for treatment.
Use ToolProperty Risk Evaluator
Evaluate your property's vulnerability to pigeon infestation based on building type, location, nearby food sources, and structural features.
Use ToolROI Calculator for Pigeon Prevention
Calculate the return on investment for pigeon prevention measures by comparing upfront costs against ongoing damage and cleanup expenses.
Use ToolService Area Finder
Enter your zip code or city to find the nearest WD Pigeon Solutions service area and get connected with local pigeon control experts.
Use ToolPigeon Species Identifier
Upload a photo or describe the bird you've spotted to identify the species and learn about its behavior, nesting habits, and control methods.
Use ToolDroppings Health Risk Checker
Assess the health risks associated with pigeon droppings at your property based on accumulation level, location, and exposure factors.
Use ToolDid You Know?
Fascinating pigeon facts that might surprise you.
Pigeons can find their way home from over 1,300 miles away — they were used as message carriers in both World Wars.
Pigeons can fly at speeds of up to 77.6 mph, making them one of the fastest birds in the world.
Feral pigeon populations can double in just 2 months under ideal conditions.
A flock of just 100 pigeons can produce over 2,400 pounds of droppings in a single year.
Pigeons have been domesticated for over 5,000 years — they were the first bird humans ever domesticated.
A single pigeon produces about 25 pounds of droppings per year, which can corrode metal and damage building facades.
Roosting Deterrent Systems FAQ — Napa, California
Find answers to common questions about our pigeon control services.
Roosting Deterrent Systems Near Napa
We also provide roosting deterrent services throughout California.
How It Works
Getting pigeon-free is easy. Just three simple steps.
Contact Us
Call us, fill out our form, or chat online. Describe your pigeon problem and we'll listen carefully.
Get Free Quote
We'll assess your situation and provide a detailed, no-obligation quote — completely free.
Schedule Service
Pick a time that works for you. Our licensed professionals will handle the rest — guaranteed.
Common Pigeon Infestations
Identify your pigeon problem and learn about effective solutions.
HighRoof & Attic Nesting
Pigeons nesting in roof gaps, attic vents, and under eaves cause structural damage, blocked drainage, and health hazards from accumulated droppings and nesting materials.
Learn More
MediumBalcony & Patio Invasion
Pigeons roosting on balconies and patios leave droppings, feathers, and nesting debris that create unsanitary conditions and make outdoor spaces unusable.
Learn More
MediumParking Garage Roosting
Pigeons in parking structures damage vehicles with acidic droppings, create liability issues from slippery surfaces, and drive away customers and tenants.
Learn More
HighHVAC & Ductwork Nesting
Pigeons nesting near HVAC systems spread diseases through ventilation, clog filters, and cause expensive equipment failures and indoor air quality problems.
Learn MoreRoosting Deterrent Systems Resources for Napa
Everything you need to make an informed decision about roosting deterrent in Napa, California.
All Napa Pigeon Control
Complete pigeon management services in Napa, CA.
Roosting Deterrent Systems Overview
Learn everything about our professional roosting deterrent systems solutions.
All California Services
Browse all pigeon control service locations in California.
Free Pigeon Control Tools
Use our interactive calculators and cost estimators.
Pigeon Prevention Guide
Expert tips for keeping pigeons away permanently.
Customer Reviews
Read what property owners across the US say about our work.
Roosting Deterrent Systems in Alameda
Professional roosting deterrent services in Alameda, California.
Roosting Deterrent Systems in Antioch
Professional roosting deterrent services in Antioch, California.
Roosting Deterrent Systems in Downey
Professional roosting deterrent services in Downey, California.
DIY vs. Professional Pigeon Control in Naparoosting-deterrent-systems
| DIY Method | Effectiveness | Limitation |
|---|---|---|
| Homemade spice or vinegar sprays | Very short-term deterrent | Washes away with rain and requires constant reapplication |
| Removing food sources | Helpful as part of a broader plan | Urban environments provide too many alternative food sources for this alone |
| Visual deterrents (fake owls, reflective tape) | Temporarily effective for 1-2 weeks | Pigeons quickly habituate and ignore them |
| Bird gel or sticky repellent | Mildly effective on flat ledges | Collects dust and debris quickly, loses stickiness, and can trap small songbirds |
| Ultrasonic devices | Minimal proven effectiveness | Most peer-reviewed studies show negligible impact on pigeon behavior |
Why Hire a Professional?
- Trained technicians understand flock behavior and seasonal breeding patterns
- Safe handling and cleanup of droppings containing potentially harmful pathogens
- Licensed and insured protection for your Naparoosting-deterrent-systems property
- Proper installation ensures spikes, netting, and exclusion devices actually work
- Knowledge of local regulations regarding bird control methods
- Comprehensive property assessment identifies all roosting and nesting sites
Pigeon Control Cost Guide for Naparoosting-deterrent-systems
Actual costs vary based on property size, severity of infestation, and specific methods required. Contact us for a free inspection and customized quote.
| Service | Pricing | Key Factors |
|---|---|---|
| Initial inspection and assessment | Usually free | Most professional companies offer complimentary inspections |
| Ongoing maintenance program | Monthly or quarterly retainer | Property size, severity history, number of deterrent systems maintained |
| Bird netting installation | Varies by square footage | Net material, area coverage, mounting hardware requirements |
| Pigeon trapping and removal | Varies by scope | Number of pigeons, duration of trapping program, follow-up visits |
| Bird spike installation | Varies by linear footage | Material type (plastic vs. stainless steel), height and accessibility of installation area |
| Solar panel protection | Varies by system size | Number of panels, roof type, critter guard material |
| Dropping cleanup and sanitization | Varies by area and accumulation | Square footage, depth of accumulation, accessibility, disposal requirements |
Other Pigeon Control Services in Napa
Explore additional pigeon control services we offer in Napa, California:
WD Pigeon Solutions Quality Assurance Team
Our QA specialists reviewed this content for technical accuracy based on current industry standards. Our team maintains active certifications through Bird Barrier, the National Wildlife Control Operators Association (NWCOA), and state pest control licensing boards.
Ready for Professional Roosting Deterrent Systems in Napa?
Get your free, no-obligation quote from Napa's trusted pigeon control experts.