Cove Protection & Sealing in Chino, California. WD Pigeon Solutions provides professional cove protection & sealing services for Chino property owners, including permanent physical barriers, no ongoing chemical costs, manufacturer warranty. Contact us for a free inspection in Chino, California.
Cove Protection & Sealing in Chino, California
Seal coves, gaps, and architectural features that attract pigeons with durable materials designed to permanently block nesting access — trusted by Chino property owners for lasting, humane results.

Last updated: January 10, 2026 · Reviewed by WD Pigeon Solutions pest control specialists
Why Chino Property Owners Need Professional Cove Protection & Sealing
Our Cove Protection & Sealing service in Chino targets pigeon activity on courtyard pergola beams and server farm cooling exhaust vents, using professional-grade materials designed for long-term performance.
Local Chino properties such as data center complexes and glass-curtain-wall office campuses experience heavy pigeon roosting fueled by nearby pop-up market food stalls.
Beyond structural damage, pigeon infestations in Chino raise public health concerns: dried droppings become airborne and can transmit fungal and bacterial infections to building occupants.
Every Chino project is backed by follow-up inspections to ensure deterrents remain effective and no new pigeon activity has developed.
Insurance claims related to pigeon damage are on the rise for innovation district retail and high-end mixed-use complexes, with corrosion, drain blockages, and fire hazards from nesting material among the most common issues.
The mild, temperate coastal climate that defines Chino means pigeon control should ideally begin before year-round, when prevention costs far less than reactive cleanup.
For lasting results in Chino, our technicians recommend pairing physical exclusion with habitat modification, such as relocating outdoor dining waste bins and covering loading dock areas.
Don't let pigeons devalue your Chino property. Request a free quote from WD Pigeon Solutions and learn how our proven methods deliver lasting results.

Where We Install Cove Protection & Sealing in Chino
Our Chino team has installed cove protection and sealing solutions across all property types throughout California.
High-Priority Cove Protection & Sealing Locations in Chino
These Chino property types see the most urgent demand for professional cove protection and sealing.
Chino Data center facilities
Data center facilities face recurring pigeon pressure in Chino. Colonies establish around geometric facade recesses and are sustained by corporate cafeteria outdoor seating, making professional cove protection and sealing essential for long-term protection.
Chino Renovated industrial tech spaces
Renovated industrial tech spaces in Chino are prime candidates for cove protection and sealing due to heavy pigeon pressure around green roof planters. Nearby landscaped courtyard crumbs draw flocks that quickly establish colonies.
Chino Corporate headquarters
Cove Protection and Sealing is increasingly requested for corporate headquarters in Chino, particularly to protect parking structure cable trays and reduce contamination caused by rooftop event venue leftovers.
Chino Modern coworking buildings
Modern coworking buildings in Chino combine sheltered server farm cooling exhaust vents with nearby fitness center smoothie bar waste, creating ideal conditions for persistent pigeon colonies that cove protection and sealing can address.
Chino Startup office spaces
Pigeon activity around startup office spaces in Chino frequently targets geometric facade recesses, with corporate cafeteria outdoor seating sustaining flocks that cause droppings, nesting debris, and health concerns.
Chino Biotech lab facilities
Biotech lab facilities face recurring pigeon pressure in Chino. Colonies establish around green roof planters and are sustained by landscaped courtyard crumbs, making professional cove protection and sealing essential for long-term protection.
Our Cove Protection & Sealing Process in Chino
Step 1: Free On-Site Chino Evaluation
Our first step is understanding exactly what your Chino property faces. We inspect renovated industrial tech spaces and data center complexes for roosting activity, check sky bridge connectors for nesting material, and document the extent of dropping accumulation — all at no cost to you.
Step 2: Property-Specific Cove Protection and Sealing Blueprint
No two Chino properties are alike. Whether you manage co-living residential buildings or biotech and research campuses, our plan targets the exact roosting and nesting behavior documented during inspection, with materials selected for Chino's mild, temperate coastal climate.
Step 3: Crew Deployment and Build-Out
Licensed technicians install your cove protection and sealing system across all identified sites on your Chino property. Hardware is rated for the mild, temperate coastal climate and secured with commercial-grade fasteners designed for the specific substrates found on glass-curtain-wall office campuses and mixed-use live-work developments.
Step 4: System Verification and Handover
Each installed component is tested and verified against the original treatment plan. We document every cove protection and sealing point on your Chino property — from rooftop terrace furniture to data center complexes zones — and provide a complete service record with photographs for your files.
Step 5: Long-Term Protection Commitment
Your Chino cove protection and sealing investment is protected by our performance guarantee. Given the mild, temperate coastal climate and year-round pigeon pressure, our warranty ensures that any treated autonomous vehicle testing facilities or green roof planters remains pigeon-free or we return to correct it.
Why Chino Chooses WD Pigeon Solutions for Cove Protection & Sealing
The right cove protection & sealing provider in Chino combines technical skill with local insight. We understand how pigeons exploit sky bridge connectors and geometric facade recesses across Chino's glass-curtain-wall office campuses, and we apply that knowledge to every project.
- Deep local knowledge — our team understands how fitness center smoothie bar waste and corporate cafeteria outdoor seating drive pigeon behavior around Chino's data center complexes
- Professional-grade hardware — commercial materials designed for Chino's mild, temperate coastal climate, not consumer products
- No hidden fees — detailed written estimates covering every treatment surface on your property
- Post-project follow-up — we check back to confirm all cove protection and sealing systems are performing on your co-living residential buildings
- Full insurance coverage — general liability and worker's compensation for your protection
- Multi-property discounts — volume pricing available for Chino property managers with multiple locations
We've built our reputation in Chino one successful cove protection and sealing project at a time. Our recommendations are based on what works for your specific co-living residential buildings or innovation district retail — not a generic template applied to every property.
What Our Customers Say
Trusted by thousands of homeowners and businesses
“Our downtown restaurant was losing customers because of pigeons on the patio. WD Pigeon Solutions installed a nearly invisible netting system over our outdoor dining area. Customers love it and we passed our health inspection with flying colors.”
Robert Chen
Los Angeles, CA · Restaurant Pigeon Solutions
“Our historic downtown building was being destroyed by pigeon droppings. The team used heritage-sensitive methods that don't damage the original architecture. The building looks beautiful again and the pigeons are gone. Excellent attention to detail.”
Andrew Campbell
Salt Lake City, UT · Historical Building Protection
“We had pigeons nesting under every solar panel on our roof. WD Pigeon Solutions installed mesh guards around all 24 panels and cleaned up years of droppings. Our solar output increased by 15% after the cleanup. Worth every penny.”
James Mitchell
Phoenix, AZ · Solar Panel Pigeon Protection
“Managing a 40-story office building with a pigeon problem is a nightmare. WD Pigeon Solutions brought in rope-access technicians who installed bird spikes on every ledge. The building looks clean for the first time in years. Our tenants are thrilled.”
David Park
Chicago, IL · Bird Spikes Installation
“We needed our loading dock cleared of pigeons before a major FDA inspection. WD Pigeon Solutions responded within 24 hours, removed all nests, cleaned and sanitized the entire dock area, and installed deterrents. We passed the inspection.”
Steven Barnes
Dallas, TX · Loading Dock Bird Control
“The bird spikes on our commercial building were long overdue. The installation team worked over a weekend to minimize disruption to our business. Clean, professional work and the pigeons are completely gone from our ledges.”
Thomas Rodriguez
San Antonio, TX · Bird Spikes Installation
“Pigeons had completely taken over our church steeple. The droppings were damaging our 100-year-old stonework. WD Pigeon Solutions used methods that protected the historic architecture while completely eliminating the pigeon colony. Truly expert work.”
Karen Phillips
Atlanta, GA · Church Steeple Protection
“Our rooftop AC units were full of pigeon nests and the smell coming through the vents was terrible. WD Pigeon Solutions cleaned everything out, installed screening around all units, and the air quality improved immediately. Life-changing.”
Emily Watson
San Diego, CA · AC Unit Protection
“We own a warehouse and the pigeon situation was creating serious OSHA concerns. The team installed a comprehensive netting system across our 50,000 sq ft ceiling. The installation crew was professional and finished ahead of schedule.”
Michael O'Brien
Denver, CO · Warehouse Bird Control
“I was skeptical about the pigeon birth control program, but the results speak for themselves. Our building's pigeon population has dropped by over 80% in eight months. It's the most humane and effective long-term solution I've seen.”
Amanda Nguyen
San Francisco, CA · Pigeon Birth Control (OvoControl)
“We had an emergency situation with pigeons getting into our medical clinic through a damaged vent. WD Pigeon Solutions arrived within hours, safely removed the birds, sanitized the area, and installed proper vent screens. Fast and professional.”
Samantha White
Columbus, OH · Emergency Pigeon Removal
“Third solar panel company told us we needed pigeon protection or they wouldn't honor the warranty. WD Pigeon Solutions installed critter guards on all 32 panels in one day. Clean work, fair price, and our warranty stays intact.”
Ryan Cooper
Scottsdale, AZ · Solar Panel Pigeon Protection
“The pigeon wire installation on our office building's ledges is invisible from the ground but incredibly effective. No more pigeons, no more droppings on the sidewalk below, no more complaints from visitors. Professional installation from start to finish.”
Megan Taylor
Raleigh, NC · Pigeon Wire Installation
“As a property manager for 12 commercial buildings, I've tried every pigeon control company in the area. WD Pigeon Solutions is the only one that delivers lasting results. They now handle all our properties and the tenants couldn't be happier.”
Daniel Jackson
Charlotte, NC · Commercial Bird Exclusion
“We run a food processing plant and a pigeon infestation nearly shut us down. WD Pigeon Solutions mobilized a team the next morning. They cleared the facility, sealed every opening, and set up a monitoring program. We haven't had an issue since.”
Nicole Davis
Minneapolis, MN · Industrial Pigeon Control
“After three different companies failed to solve our pigeon problem, WD Pigeon Solutions got it done right. They did a thorough assessment, identified entry points we didn't even know existed, and sealed everything. Problem solved permanently.”
Lisa Anderson
Seattle, WA · Structural Exclusion
“The seasonal prevention program has been a game-changer for our property management company. WD Pigeon Solutions comes out quarterly, inspects all our properties, and addresses any issues before they become infestations. Proactive and reliable.”
Jason Patel
Henderson, NV · Seasonal Pigeon Prevention
“The dropping cleanup alone was worth calling them. They power-washed our entire building facade, treated everything with antimicrobial solution, and then installed spikes and wire to prevent the pigeons from returning. Building looks brand new.”
Mark Sullivan
Boston, MA · Dropping Cleanup & Sanitization
“Pigeons were getting into our retail store through gaps in the roof every time the loading door opened. The strip curtain and exclusion system they installed solved both the pigeon and the temperature control problem. Highly recommend.”
Stephanie Clark
San Jose, CA · Retail Store Bird Solutions
“The gutter guards they installed are fantastic. Pigeons were constantly nesting in our gutters, causing water damage to our foundation. Now the gutters flow freely and there's no place for pigeons to nest. Should have done this years ago.”
Christopher Lee
Philadelphia, PA · Gutter Guard Installation
“Our wedding venue was losing bookings because of pigeons roosting on the ceremony pergola. The deterrent gel they applied is completely invisible but pigeons won't land on it. We've had four pigeon-free weddings since the treatment.”
Laura Scott
Tampa, FL · Pigeon Deterrent Gel
“The pigeon problem at our apartment complex was out of control. Droppings everywhere, nests in every corner. The team installed bird netting and spikes across the entire building. Haven't seen a single pigeon in three months.”
Sarah Thompson
Las Vegas, NV · Bird Netting Installation
“Our parking garage had a massive pigeon problem. Cars were getting damaged, tenants were threatening to leave. The electric track deterrent system they installed on every level was the only thing that worked. Zero pigeons now.”
Brian Foster
New York City, NY · Parking Garage Bird Control
“We manage a grain storage facility and pigeons were consuming and contaminating tons of product annually. WD Pigeon Solutions designed a complete exclusion system for our silos and storage buildings. The contamination losses have dropped to zero.”
Kevin Morris
Detroit, MI · Agricultural Bird Control
“The balcony of our condo was unusable because of pigeons. They installed a custom netting system that's barely visible and matches our building's aesthetic. We can finally enjoy our outdoor space again. Thank you!”
Rachel Kim
Portland, OR · Balcony Pigeon Proofing
“Pigeons were destroying our hotel's pool area. Guests complained constantly about droppings on lounge chairs and in the water. The deterrent system they installed is invisible to guests but 100% effective. Our reviews have improved dramatically.”
Jennifer Williams
Miami, FL · Hotel Bird Management
“I had pigeons nesting in my chimney and could hear them cooing all night. The team installed a heavy-duty chimney cap and removed all the nesting material. No more noise, no more mess. Quick and affordable service.”
Patricia Martinez
Tucson, AZ · Chimney Cap Installation
“The property damage assessment they provided was incredibly detailed. We used it to file an insurance claim for the pigeon damage to our roof and HVAC system. The claim was approved and covered most of the repair and prevention costs.”
Gregory Adams
Indianapolis, IN · Property Damage Assessment
“We tried every DIY pigeon solution on the market before calling WD Pigeon Solutions. Fake owls, shiny tape, sound machines—nothing worked. Their professional exclusion system solved the problem in one visit. Don't waste time with DIY. Call the pros.”
Heather Brown
Austin, TX · Residential Pigeon Control
“I called about pigeons in my attic and they came out the same day. They removed over 30 nests, sanitized everything, and sealed every entry point. It's been six months and not a single pigeon has gotten back in. Incredible service.”
Maria Gonzalez
Houston, TX · Attic Pigeon Removal
“Our school district hired WD Pigeon Solutions to address pigeon problems at three campuses. They handled everything—assessment, removal, cleanup, and prevention—across all locations. The kids and teachers are much happier without pigeons on the playground.”
William Turner
Nashville, TN · School & Campus Bird Control
“Running a daycare with pigeons on the playground was a constant worry. WD Pigeon Solutions installed deterrents around the entire outdoor play area. The parents are relieved and the kids can play without pigeon droppings everywhere.”
Jessica Rivera
Orlando, FL · Pigeon Feces Disease Prevention
Common Pigeon Problems in Chino That Require Cove Protection & Sealing
Chino's autonomous vehicle testing facilities are especially vulnerable to pigeon colonization because of proximity to fitness center smoothie bar waste and campus food truck plazas.
HVAC systems on Chino rooftops that are contaminated with pigeon waste operate less efficiently and can spread airborne pathogens through ductwork into occupied spaces.
Occupational health studies confirm that prolonged exposure to pigeon waste in Chino buildings can lead to allergic alveolitis, commonly known as pigeon breeder's lung, even in people who do not handle birds directly.
Chino residents should watch for feathers near air vents, white-streaked stains below rooflines, and groups of pigeons returning to the same perch at dusk—all indicators of an established colony.
Pigeon nesting debris clogs drains and gutters on startup office spaces and innovation district retail, leading to water damage that far exceeds the cost of prevention.
The mild, temperate coastal climate that defines Chino means pigeon control should ideally begin before year-round, when prevention costs far less than reactive cleanup.

When to Schedule Cove Protection & Sealing in Chino
Timing your cove protection and sealing work with Chino's seasonal pigeon patterns maximizes effectiveness.
Spring (Mar–May)
45–75°FNesting ramps up across coastal and valley cities. Mountain areas see delayed spring activity.
Recommendation
Coastal properties should begin exclusion in February. Mountain areas by April.
Summer (Jun–Aug)
60–90°FPeak breeding in all sub-regions. Tech campuses, ports, and dining areas see heavy pigeon traffic.
Recommendation
Maintain all deterrent systems and address new problem areas quickly.
Fall (Sep–Nov)
45–75°FStable populations continue breeding in coastal areas. Interior flocks begin consolidating for winter.
Recommendation
Annual maintenance inspections should be completed before November.
Winter (Dec–Feb)
30–60°FCoastal cities see minimal change. Mountain and interior locations see birds seeking heated shelter.
Recommendation
Pacific coast properties need year-round programs. Interior properties should inspect heated areas.
Chino Weather and Cove Protection & Sealing Timing
How Chino's seasonal climate affects pigeon behavior and optimal cove protection and sealing scheduling.
| Season | Avg High | Avg Low | Precipitation | Pigeon Impact |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spring | 64°F | 46°F | 2.5 in/mo | Nesting ramps up in coastal and valley areas |
| Summer | 77°F | 56°F | 0.5 in/mo | Peak activity; outdoor dining creates food (peak activity: year-round) |
| Fall | 63°F | 47°F | 2.8 in/mo | Stable populations; pre-winter preparation |
| Winter | 49°F | 37°F | 4.2 in/mo | Coastal activity persists; mountain retreat |
Cove Protection & Sealing Facts Every Chino Property Owner Should Know
Cove Protection & Sealing Facts for Chino Property Owners
- A nesting pair of pigeons can produce 6–8 eggs per year, with chicks reaching reproductive maturity in approximately 6 months — making early cove protection and sealing intervention on biotech lab facilities far more cost-effective than delayed action
- Cove Protection & Sealing on green roof planters and rooftop terrace furniture prevents the buildup that leads to expensive emergency remediation later
- Pigeons are creatures of habit — they return to the same courtyard pergola beams and green roof planters generation after generation unless physically excluded, which is why cove protection and sealing outperforms temporary scare tactics
- The average property owner waits months before addressing a pigeon problem — by which time populations have grown and structural damage to modern coworking buildings has begun
- A single pigeon produces approximately 25 lbs of droppings per year — across a typical urban flock, startup office spaces in Chino can accumulate hundreds of pounds of corrosive waste annually
- Professional cove protection & sealing in Chino typically costs far less than the accumulated damage from untreated pigeon infestations on startup office spaces
- In Chino, pigeon breeding activity peaks during year-round, when the mild, temperate coastal climate supports rapid population growth and multiple nesting cycles per pair
- Pigeon guano near HVAC intakes on mixed-use live-work developments can distribute fungal spores throughout entire buildings, increasing respiratory health risks for occupants
Our Services
Professional pigeon and bird control solutions tailored to your property and needs.

Pigeon Exclusion
Permanent physical barriers that prevent pigeons from roosting and nesting. Solar panel guards, building exclusion, and custom solutions for any structure.
Learn More
Bird Control
Comprehensive bird deterrent solutions including spikes, netting, and exclusion systems. Protect your property from all pest bird species with lasting results.
Learn More
Pigeon Control
Complete pigeon removal and population management for residential and commercial properties. We use humane, proven methods to eliminate pigeon problems for good.
Learn MoreCove Protection & Sealing in Chino — Expert Pigeon Control
Watch how WD Pigeon Solutions delivers professional cove protection and sealing for Chino, California property owners.

Free Pigeon Control Tools
Use our interactive tools to assess your pigeon problem and find the right solution.
Infestation Severity Assessment
Answer a series of questions about your pigeon problem to determine the severity level and get recommended next steps for treatment.
Use ToolProperty Risk Evaluator
Evaluate your property's vulnerability to pigeon infestation based on building type, location, nearby food sources, and structural features.
Use ToolROI Calculator for Pigeon Prevention
Calculate the return on investment for pigeon prevention measures by comparing upfront costs against ongoing damage and cleanup expenses.
Use ToolWarranty Coverage Checker
Check if your existing pigeon control installation is still under warranty and learn about coverage terms and claim procedures.
Use ToolPigeon Species Identifier
Upload a photo or describe the bird you've spotted to identify the species and learn about its behavior, nesting habits, and control methods.
Use ToolFree Quote Request Tool
Submit your property details and pigeon problem description to receive a free, no-obligation quote from our expert team within 24 hours.
Use ToolDid You Know?
Fascinating pigeon facts that might surprise you.
Pigeons can fly at speeds of up to 77.6 mph, making them one of the fastest birds in the world.
A single pigeon produces about 25 pounds of droppings per year, which can corrode metal and damage building facades.
Pigeons can find their way home from over 1,300 miles away — they were used as message carriers in both World Wars.
Pigeons mate for life and can breed up to 8 times per year, producing 2 eggs each time.
Feral pigeon populations can double in just 2 months under ideal conditions.
A flock of just 100 pigeons can produce over 2,400 pounds of droppings in a single year.
Cove Protection & Sealing FAQ — Chino, California
Find answers to common questions about our pigeon control services.
Cove Protection & Sealing Near Chino
We also provide cove protection and sealing services throughout California.
How It Works
Getting pigeon-free is easy. Just three simple steps.
Contact Us
Call us, fill out our form, or chat online. Describe your pigeon problem and we'll listen carefully.
Get Free Quote
We'll assess your situation and provide a detailed, no-obligation quote — completely free.
Schedule Service
Pick a time that works for you. Our licensed professionals will handle the rest — guaranteed.
Common Pigeon Infestations
Identify your pigeon problem and learn about effective solutions.
MediumBalcony & Patio Invasion
Pigeons roosting on balconies and patios leave droppings, feathers, and nesting debris that create unsanitary conditions and make outdoor spaces unusable.
Learn More
CriticalSolar Panel Infestations
Pigeons nest under solar panels for warmth and shelter, damaging wiring, reducing energy output by up to 30%, and voiding manufacturer warranties.
Learn More
HighRoof & Attic Nesting
Pigeons nesting in roof gaps, attic vents, and under eaves cause structural damage, blocked drainage, and health hazards from accumulated droppings and nesting materials.
Learn More
HighHVAC & Ductwork Nesting
Pigeons nesting near HVAC systems spread diseases through ventilation, clog filters, and cause expensive equipment failures and indoor air quality problems.
Learn MoreCove Protection & Sealing Resources for Chino
Everything you need to make an informed decision about cove protection and sealing in Chino, California.
All Chino Pigeon Control
Complete pigeon management services in Chino, CA.
Cove Protection & Sealing Overview
Learn everything about our professional cove protection & sealing solutions.
All California Services
Browse all pigeon control service locations in California.
Free Pigeon Control Tools
Use our interactive calculators and cost estimators.
Pigeon Prevention Guide
Expert tips for keeping pigeons away permanently.
Customer Reviews
Read what property owners across the US say about our work.
Cove Protection & Sealing in Alhambra
Professional cove protection and sealing services in Alhambra, California.
Cove Protection & Sealing in Corona
Professional cove protection and sealing services in Corona, California.
Cove Protection & Sealing in Anaheim
Professional cove protection and sealing services in Anaheim, California.
DIY vs. Professional Pigeon Control in Chinocove-protection-sealing
| DIY Method | Effectiveness | Limitation |
|---|---|---|
| Removing food sources | Helpful as part of a broader plan | Urban environments provide too many alternative food sources for this alone |
| Ultrasonic devices | Minimal proven effectiveness | Most peer-reviewed studies show negligible impact on pigeon behavior |
| Homemade spice or vinegar sprays | Very short-term deterrent | Washes away with rain and requires constant reapplication |
| Sealing individual entry points | Effective for specific openings | Pigeons find alternative entry points without comprehensive exclusion |
| Visual deterrents (fake owls, reflective tape) | Temporarily effective for 1-2 weeks | Pigeons quickly habituate and ignore them |
Why Hire a Professional?
- Trained technicians understand flock behavior and seasonal breeding patterns
- Comprehensive property assessment identifies all roosting and nesting sites
- Knowledge of local regulations regarding bird control methods
- Licensed and insured protection for your Chinocove-protection-sealing property
- Safe handling and cleanup of droppings containing potentially harmful pathogens
- Proper installation ensures spikes, netting, and exclusion devices actually work
Pigeon Control Cost Guide for Chinocove-protection-sealing
Pricing depends on the scope of work needed. We provide transparent, itemized quotes after a complimentary property inspection so there are no surprises.
| Service | Pricing | Key Factors |
|---|---|---|
| Ongoing maintenance program | Monthly or quarterly retainer | Property size, severity history, number of deterrent systems maintained |
| Bird netting installation | Varies by square footage | Net material, area coverage, mounting hardware requirements |
| Dropping cleanup and sanitization | Varies by area and accumulation | Square footage, depth of accumulation, accessibility, disposal requirements |
| Ledge modification and slope panels | Varies by linear footage | Material (metal vs. PVC), angle of slope, number of ledges treated |
| Solar panel protection | Varies by system size | Number of panels, roof type, critter guard material |
| Bird spike installation | Varies by linear footage | Material type (plastic vs. stainless steel), height and accessibility of installation area |
| Initial inspection and assessment | Usually free | Most professional companies offer complimentary inspections |
Other Pigeon Control Services in Chino
Explore additional pigeon control services we offer in Chino, California:
WD Pigeon Solutions Technical Division
This page was prepared and verified by our field operations team, which has completed over 10,000 pigeon exclusion installations worldwide. All methods described follow EPA-registered protocols and manufacturer-specified best practices for commercial bird control products.
Ready for Professional Cove Protection & Sealing in Chino?
Get your free, no-obligation quote from Chino's trusted pigeon control experts.