Chimney Cap Installation in Middletown, Ohio. WD Pigeon Solutions provides professional chimney cap installation services for Middletown property owners, including permanent physical barriers, no ongoing chemical costs, manufacturer warranty. Contact us for a free inspection in Middletown, Ohio.
Chimney Cap Installation in Middletown, Ohio
Professional chimney cap installation to prevent pigeons from entering and nesting in chimneys while maintaining proper ventilation — trusted by Middletown property owners for lasting, humane results.

Last updated: February 10, 2026 · Reviewed by WD Pigeon Solutions pest control specialists
Why Middletown Property Owners Need Professional Chimney Cap Installation
For comprehensive Chimney Cap Installation in Middletown, WD Pigeon Solutions combines physical exclusion on bridge abutments and overpasses with sanitation guidance to break the cycle of pigeon habitation.
The pigeon problem in Middletown centers on government office complexes, where birds gather in large numbers near outdoor dining areas and transit station food kiosks.
Pigeon nests and droppings in Middletown are known vectors for ectoparasites such as bird mites, ticks, and pigeon flies, which can migrate into occupied spaces and cause skin irritation.
Middletown clients appreciate our transparent pricing, professional installation, and commitment to humane methods that comply with all applicable regulations.
Properties such as restaurants and cafes and public transit infrastructure are especially vulnerable to pigeon-related liability concerns, as accumulated droppings create slippery walkways and unsanitary conditions for visitors.
Middletown's urban heat-island climate with warm concrete corridors creates conditions where pigeon activity peaks during March through September, making early intervention critical.
An integrated pigeon management plan for Middletown should address both the immediate infestation and the environmental factors—food, water, and shelter—that attracted the birds in the first place.
Whether you manage a single building or an entire portfolio in Middletown, WD Pigeon Solutions has the expertise and equipment to solve your pigeon problem—call us today.

Where We Install Chimney Cap Installation in Middletown
Our Middletown team has installed chimney cap solutions across all property types throughout Ohio.
High-Priority Chimney Cap Installation Locations in Middletown
These Middletown property types see the most urgent demand for professional chimney cap.
Middletown Restaurants and cafes
Restaurants and cafes in Middletown combine sheltered window ledges and AC units with nearby outdoor dining areas, creating ideal conditions for persistent pigeon colonies that chimney cap can address.
Middletown High-rise office towers
Pigeon activity around high-rise office towers in Middletown frequently targets loading docks, with public plazas with feeders sustaining flocks that cause droppings, nesting debris, and health concerns.
Middletown Public transit infrastructure
Public transit infrastructure face recurring pigeon pressure in Middletown. Colonies establish around fire escapes and are sustained by park bench gathering areas, making professional chimney cap essential for long-term protection.
Middletown Apartment complexes
Apartment complexes in Middletown are prime candidates for chimney cap due to heavy pigeon pressure around decorative architectural ledges. Nearby transit station food kiosks draw flocks that quickly establish colonies.
Middletown Hotels
Chimney Cap is increasingly requested for hotels in Middletown, particularly to protect window ledges and AC units and reduce contamination caused by outdoor dining areas.
Middletown Parking garages
Parking garages in Middletown combine sheltered loading docks with nearby public plazas with feeders, creating ideal conditions for persistent pigeon colonies that chimney cap can address.
Our Chimney Cap Installation Process in Middletown
Step 1: Complimentary Middletown Site Survey
A licensed technician inspects your Middletown property — focusing on apartment complexes and parking garages — to document active roosts, nesting concentrations around window ledges and AC units, and contamination severity. This assessment is free and carries no obligation.
Step 2: Property-Specific Chimney Cap Blueprint
No two Middletown properties are alike. Whether you manage entertainment venues or public transit infrastructure, our plan targets the exact roosting and nesting behavior documented during inspection, with materials selected for Middletown's urban heat-island climate with warm concrete corridors.
Step 3: Expert Chimney Cap Installation
Our Middletown crew arrives with commercial equipment, safety gear, and materials selected for the local urban heat-island climate with warm concrete corridors. Installation covers every documented problem area — from underground tunnel entrances to high-rise office towers entry points — and most projects are completed in a single visit.
Step 4: System Verification and Handover
Each installed component is tested and verified against the original treatment plan. We document every chimney cap point on your Middletown property — from transit station platform canopies to high-rise office towers zones — and provide a complete service record with photographs for your files.
Step 5: Guaranteed Pigeon-Free Results
We stand behind every chimney cap installation in Middletown. Our guarantee covers all treated areas — from window ledges and AC units to apartment complexes — for the full warranty term. If pigeon activity recurs, we fix it at our expense.
Why Middletown Chooses WD Pigeon Solutions for Chimney Cap Installation
The right chimney cap installation provider in Middletown combines technical skill with local insight. We understand how pigeons exploit underground tunnel entrances and window ledges and AC units across Middletown's apartment complexes, and we apply that knowledge to every project.
- Proven track record — successful chimney cap projects across Middletown's entertainment venues, residential high-rises, and restaurants and cafes
- Climate-matched materials — hardware selected specifically for Middletown's urban heat-island climate with warm concrete corridors
- Honest assessments — we recommend only what your property actually needs, not upsells
- Written performance guarantee — if pigeons breach any treated area, we return and fix it free
- Fast response — most Middletown property assessments scheduled within 48 hours
- Insured and licensed — full commercial coverage for every project
Our Middletown clients stay with us because we deliver what we promise. Every chimney cap installation is backed by results, not just rhetoric — and our growing list of satisfied entertainment venues and residential high-rises owners proves it.
What Our Customers Say
Trusted by thousands of homeowners and businesses
“Managing a 40-story office building with a pigeon problem is a nightmare. WD Pigeon Solutions brought in rope-access technicians who installed bird spikes on every ledge. The building looks clean for the first time in years. Our tenants are thrilled.”
David Park
Chicago, IL · Bird Spikes Installation
“The dropping cleanup alone was worth calling them. They power-washed our entire building facade, treated everything with antimicrobial solution, and then installed spikes and wire to prevent the pigeons from returning. Building looks brand new.”
Mark Sullivan
Boston, MA · Dropping Cleanup & Sanitization
“We own a warehouse and the pigeon situation was creating serious OSHA concerns. The team installed a comprehensive netting system across our 50,000 sq ft ceiling. The installation crew was professional and finished ahead of schedule.”
Michael O'Brien
Denver, CO · Warehouse Bird Control
“Our school district hired WD Pigeon Solutions to address pigeon problems at three campuses. They handled everything—assessment, removal, cleanup, and prevention—across all locations. The kids and teachers are much happier without pigeons on the playground.”
William Turner
Nashville, TN · School & Campus Bird Control
“We had pigeons nesting under every solar panel on our roof. WD Pigeon Solutions installed mesh guards around all 24 panels and cleaned up years of droppings. Our solar output increased by 15% after the cleanup. Worth every penny.”
James Mitchell
Phoenix, AZ · Solar Panel Pigeon Protection
“The bird spikes on our commercial building were long overdue. The installation team worked over a weekend to minimize disruption to our business. Clean, professional work and the pigeons are completely gone from our ledges.”
Thomas Rodriguez
San Antonio, TX · Bird Spikes Installation
“The balcony of our condo was unusable because of pigeons. They installed a custom netting system that's barely visible and matches our building's aesthetic. We can finally enjoy our outdoor space again. Thank you!”
Rachel Kim
Portland, OR · Balcony Pigeon Proofing
“I was skeptical about the pigeon birth control program, but the results speak for themselves. Our building's pigeon population has dropped by over 80% in eight months. It's the most humane and effective long-term solution I've seen.”
Amanda Nguyen
San Francisco, CA · Pigeon Birth Control (OvoControl)
“Our wedding venue was losing bookings because of pigeons roosting on the ceremony pergola. The deterrent gel they applied is completely invisible but pigeons won't land on it. We've had four pigeon-free weddings since the treatment.”
Laura Scott
Tampa, FL · Pigeon Deterrent Gel
“We run a food processing plant and a pigeon infestation nearly shut us down. WD Pigeon Solutions mobilized a team the next morning. They cleared the facility, sealed every opening, and set up a monitoring program. We haven't had an issue since.”
Nicole Davis
Minneapolis, MN · Industrial Pigeon Control
“I had pigeons nesting in my chimney and could hear them cooing all night. The team installed a heavy-duty chimney cap and removed all the nesting material. No more noise, no more mess. Quick and affordable service.”
Patricia Martinez
Tucson, AZ · Chimney Cap Installation
“We needed our loading dock cleared of pigeons before a major FDA inspection. WD Pigeon Solutions responded within 24 hours, removed all nests, cleaned and sanitized the entire dock area, and installed deterrents. We passed the inspection.”
Steven Barnes
Dallas, TX · Loading Dock Bird Control
“Running a daycare with pigeons on the playground was a constant worry. WD Pigeon Solutions installed deterrents around the entire outdoor play area. The parents are relieved and the kids can play without pigeon droppings everywhere.”
Jessica Rivera
Orlando, FL · Pigeon Feces Disease Prevention
“I called about pigeons in my attic and they came out the same day. They removed over 30 nests, sanitized everything, and sealed every entry point. It's been six months and not a single pigeon has gotten back in. Incredible service.”
Maria Gonzalez
Houston, TX · Attic Pigeon Removal
“As a property manager for 12 commercial buildings, I've tried every pigeon control company in the area. WD Pigeon Solutions is the only one that delivers lasting results. They now handle all our properties and the tenants couldn't be happier.”
Daniel Jackson
Charlotte, NC · Commercial Bird Exclusion
“We had an emergency situation with pigeons getting into our medical clinic through a damaged vent. WD Pigeon Solutions arrived within hours, safely removed the birds, sanitized the area, and installed proper vent screens. Fast and professional.”
Samantha White
Columbus, OH · Emergency Pigeon Removal
“The gutter guards they installed are fantastic. Pigeons were constantly nesting in our gutters, causing water damage to our foundation. Now the gutters flow freely and there's no place for pigeons to nest. Should have done this years ago.”
Christopher Lee
Philadelphia, PA · Gutter Guard Installation
“Our historic downtown building was being destroyed by pigeon droppings. The team used heritage-sensitive methods that don't damage the original architecture. The building looks beautiful again and the pigeons are gone. Excellent attention to detail.”
Andrew Campbell
Salt Lake City, UT · Historical Building Protection
“Our downtown restaurant was losing customers because of pigeons on the patio. WD Pigeon Solutions installed a nearly invisible netting system over our outdoor dining area. Customers love it and we passed our health inspection with flying colors.”
Robert Chen
Los Angeles, CA · Restaurant Pigeon Solutions
“Third solar panel company told us we needed pigeon protection or they wouldn't honor the warranty. WD Pigeon Solutions installed critter guards on all 32 panels in one day. Clean work, fair price, and our warranty stays intact.”
Ryan Cooper
Scottsdale, AZ · Solar Panel Pigeon Protection
“Our parking garage had a massive pigeon problem. Cars were getting damaged, tenants were threatening to leave. The electric track deterrent system they installed on every level was the only thing that worked. Zero pigeons now.”
Brian Foster
New York City, NY · Parking Garage Bird Control
“Pigeons were getting into our retail store through gaps in the roof every time the loading door opened. The strip curtain and exclusion system they installed solved both the pigeon and the temperature control problem. Highly recommend.”
Stephanie Clark
San Jose, CA · Retail Store Bird Solutions
“After three different companies failed to solve our pigeon problem, WD Pigeon Solutions got it done right. They did a thorough assessment, identified entry points we didn't even know existed, and sealed everything. Problem solved permanently.”
Lisa Anderson
Seattle, WA · Structural Exclusion
“We manage a grain storage facility and pigeons were consuming and contaminating tons of product annually. WD Pigeon Solutions designed a complete exclusion system for our silos and storage buildings. The contamination losses have dropped to zero.”
Kevin Morris
Detroit, MI · Agricultural Bird Control
“Pigeons were destroying our hotel's pool area. Guests complained constantly about droppings on lounge chairs and in the water. The deterrent system they installed is invisible to guests but 100% effective. Our reviews have improved dramatically.”
Jennifer Williams
Miami, FL · Hotel Bird Management
“The seasonal prevention program has been a game-changer for our property management company. WD Pigeon Solutions comes out quarterly, inspects all our properties, and addresses any issues before they become infestations. Proactive and reliable.”
Jason Patel
Henderson, NV · Seasonal Pigeon Prevention
“We tried every DIY pigeon solution on the market before calling WD Pigeon Solutions. Fake owls, shiny tape, sound machines—nothing worked. Their professional exclusion system solved the problem in one visit. Don't waste time with DIY. Call the pros.”
Heather Brown
Austin, TX · Residential Pigeon Control
“Our rooftop AC units were full of pigeon nests and the smell coming through the vents was terrible. WD Pigeon Solutions cleaned everything out, installed screening around all units, and the air quality improved immediately. Life-changing.”
Emily Watson
San Diego, CA · AC Unit Protection
“The property damage assessment they provided was incredibly detailed. We used it to file an insurance claim for the pigeon damage to our roof and HVAC system. The claim was approved and covered most of the repair and prevention costs.”
Gregory Adams
Indianapolis, IN · Property Damage Assessment
“The pigeon wire installation on our office building's ledges is invisible from the ground but incredibly effective. No more pigeons, no more droppings on the sidewalk below, no more complaints from visitors. Professional installation from start to finish.”
Megan Taylor
Raleigh, NC · Pigeon Wire Installation
“The pigeon problem at our apartment complex was out of control. Droppings everywhere, nests in every corner. The team installed bird netting and spikes across the entire building. Haven't seen a single pigeon in three months.”
Sarah Thompson
Las Vegas, NV · Bird Netting Installation
“Pigeons had completely taken over our church steeple. The droppings were damaging our 100-year-old stonework. WD Pigeon Solutions used methods that protected the historic architecture while completely eliminating the pigeon colony. Truly expert work.”
Karen Phillips
Atlanta, GA · Church Steeple Protection
Common Pigeon Problems in Middletown That Require Chimney Cap Installation
Pigeon flocks around Middletown's high-rise office towers and transit stations are sustained by public plazas with feeders and dense foot traffic areas, making the infestations difficult to manage without professional help.
Pigeon droppings are highly acidic and cause measurable damage to Middletown buildings, etching into limestone, concrete, and painted metal surfaces over time.
Health authorities warn that pigeon guano around Middletown buildings can release airborne spores of Histoplasma capsulatum and Cryptococcus neoformans, particularly dangerous for immunocompromised individuals.
Middletown building managers often first notice pigeon problems through tenant complaints about noise, ceiling stains from rooftop guano, or blocked drainage systems.
Properties such as hotels and mixed-use developments are especially vulnerable to pigeon-related liability concerns, as accumulated droppings create slippery walkways and unsanitary conditions for visitors.
The urban heat-island climate with warm concrete corridors in Middletown allows pigeon populations to expand quickly, with peak reproduction occurring during March through September as breeding pairs raise multiple clutches each year.

When to Schedule Chimney Cap Installation in Middletown
Timing your chimney cap work with Middletown's seasonal pigeon patterns maximizes effectiveness.
Spring (Mar–May)
35–70°FExplosive nesting after harsh winter die-off. Surviving birds breed aggressively as temperatures rise.
Recommendation
March exclusion work blocks nesting before the spring population surge begins.
Summer (Jun–Aug)
70–95°FPeak activity near grain processing, rail yards, and outdoor food sources. Multiple breeding cycles.
Recommendation
Peak-season inspections should cover loading docks, rooftop equipment, and ventilation intakes.
Fall (Sep–Nov)
35–65°FFlocks grow as young birds mature. Pigeons begin scouting heated winter roosting locations.
Recommendation
Late-fall spike and netting maintenance prevents costly winter infestations.
Winter (Dec–Feb)
5–35°FPigeons retreat into grain elevators, factories, and heated structures. Populations thin but core colonies survive.
Recommendation
Cold-weather cleanups protect equipment and structural surfaces from acid damage all season.
Middletown Weather and Chimney Cap Installation Timing
How Middletown's seasonal climate affects pigeon behavior and optimal chimney cap scheduling.
| Season | Avg High | Avg Low | Precipitation | Pigeon Impact |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spring | 62°F | 41°F | 3.8 in/mo | Explosive nesting after winter dormancy |
| Summer | 88°F | 67°F | 4.0 in/mo | Maximum population and breeding activity (peak activity: March through September) |
| Fall | 60°F | 41°F | 3.0 in/mo | Pre-winter roosting site competition |
| Winter | 34°F | 19°F | 2.5 in/mo | Deep shelter-seeking; indoor infestations |
Chimney Cap Installation Facts Every Middletown Property Owner Should Know
Chimney Cap Installation Facts for Middletown Property Owners
- Chimney Cap Installation on window ledges and AC units and building cornices and parapets prevents the buildup that leads to expensive emergency remediation later
- Pigeons are creatures of habit — they return to the same transit station platform canopies and window ledges and AC units generation after generation unless physically excluded, which is why chimney cap outperforms temporary scare tactics
- The average property owner waits months before addressing a pigeon problem — by which time populations have grown and structural damage to parking garages has begun
- A single pigeon produces approximately 25 lbs of droppings per year — across a typical urban flock, commercial buildings in Middletown can accumulate hundreds of pounds of corrosive waste annually
- Professional chimney cap installation in Middletown typically costs far less than the accumulated damage from untreated pigeon infestations on commercial buildings
- In Middletown, pigeon breeding activity peaks during March through September, when the urban heat-island climate with warm concrete corridors supports rapid population growth and multiple nesting cycles per pair
- Pigeon guano near HVAC intakes on high-rise office towers can distribute fungal spores throughout entire buildings, increasing respiratory health risks for occupants
- Properties with visible pigeon activity often experience reduced appeal and higher maintenance costs, making proactive chimney cap a protection measure for residential high-rises owners
Our Services
Professional pigeon and bird control solutions tailored to your property and needs.

Pigeon Netting
Heavy-duty pigeon netting systems for courtyards, loading docks, canopies, and large openings. UV-stabilized mesh keeps birds out while maintaining aesthetics.
Learn More
Pigeon Exclusion
Permanent physical barriers that prevent pigeons from roosting and nesting. Solar panel guards, building exclusion, and custom solutions for any structure.
Learn More
Bird Spike Installation
Professional bird spike installation for ledges, rooflines, signs, and parapets. Stainless steel spikes provide permanent, humane deterrence for any building type.
Learn MoreChimney Cap Installation in Middletown — Expert Pigeon Control
Watch how WD Pigeon Solutions delivers professional chimney cap for Middletown, Ohio property owners.

Free Pigeon Control Tools
Use our interactive tools to assess your pigeon problem and find the right solution.
Infestation Severity Assessment
Answer a series of questions about your pigeon problem to determine the severity level and get recommended next steps for treatment.
Use ToolProperty Risk Evaluator
Evaluate your property's vulnerability to pigeon infestation based on building type, location, nearby food sources, and structural features.
Use ToolROI Calculator for Pigeon Prevention
Calculate the return on investment for pigeon prevention measures by comparing upfront costs against ongoing damage and cleanup expenses.
Use ToolService Area Finder
Enter your zip code or city to find the nearest WD Pigeon Solutions service area and get connected with local pigeon control experts.
Use ToolPigeon Species Identifier
Upload a photo or describe the bird you've spotted to identify the species and learn about its behavior, nesting habits, and control methods.
Use ToolDroppings Health Risk Checker
Assess the health risks associated with pigeon droppings at your property based on accumulation level, location, and exposure factors.
Use ToolDid You Know?
Fascinating pigeon facts that might surprise you.
Pigeons mate for life and can breed up to 8 times per year, producing 2 eggs each time.
Pigeons can fly at speeds of up to 77.6 mph, making them one of the fastest birds in the world.
Pigeons have been domesticated for over 5,000 years — they were the first bird humans ever domesticated.
Pigeons can recognize all 26 letters of the English alphabet and can even be trained to distinguish between paintings by Monet and Picasso.
Pigeons can find their way home from over 1,300 miles away — they were used as message carriers in both World Wars.
A flock of just 100 pigeons can produce over 2,400 pounds of droppings in a single year.
Chimney Cap Installation FAQ — Middletown, Ohio
Find answers to common questions about our pigeon control services.
Chimney Cap Installation Near Middletown
We also provide chimney cap services throughout Ohio.
How It Works
Getting pigeon-free is easy. Just three simple steps.
Contact Us
Call us, fill out our form, or chat online. Describe your pigeon problem and we'll listen carefully.
Get Free Quote
We'll assess your situation and provide a detailed, no-obligation quote — completely free.
Schedule Service
Pick a time that works for you. Our licensed professionals will handle the rest — guaranteed.
Common Pigeon Infestations
Identify your pigeon problem and learn about effective solutions.
HighHVAC & Ductwork Nesting
Pigeons nesting near HVAC systems spread diseases through ventilation, clog filters, and cause expensive equipment failures and indoor air quality problems.
Learn More
MediumBalcony & Patio Invasion
Pigeons roosting on balconies and patios leave droppings, feathers, and nesting debris that create unsanitary conditions and make outdoor spaces unusable.
Learn More
CriticalWarehouse & Commercial Infestations
Large commercial spaces attract massive pigeon flocks. Droppings contaminate inventory, create slip hazards, and can trigger health code violations and costly fines.
Learn More
MediumParking Garage Roosting
Pigeons in parking structures damage vehicles with acidic droppings, create liability issues from slippery surfaces, and drive away customers and tenants.
Learn MoreChimney Cap Installation Resources for Middletown
Everything you need to make an informed decision about chimney cap in Middletown, Ohio.
All Middletown Pigeon Control
Complete pigeon management services in Middletown, OH.
Chimney Cap Installation Overview
Learn everything about our professional chimney cap installation solutions.
All Ohio Services
Browse all pigeon control service locations in Ohio.
Free Pigeon Control Tools
Use our interactive calculators and cost estimators.
Pigeon Prevention Guide
Expert tips for keeping pigeons away permanently.
Customer Reviews
Read what property owners across the US say about our work.
Chimney Cap Installation in Mansfield
Professional chimney cap services in Mansfield, Ohio.
Chimney Cap Installation in Cincinnati
Professional chimney cap services in Cincinnati, Ohio.
Chimney Cap Installation in Warren
Professional chimney cap services in Warren, Ohio.
DIY vs. Professional Pigeon Control in Middletownchimney-cap-installation
| DIY Method | Effectiveness | Limitation |
|---|---|---|
| Visual deterrents (fake owls, reflective tape) | Temporarily effective for 1-2 weeks | Pigeons quickly habituate and ignore them |
| Bird gel or sticky repellent | Mildly effective on flat ledges | Collects dust and debris quickly, loses stickiness, and can trap small songbirds |
| Homemade spice or vinegar sprays | Very short-term deterrent | Washes away with rain and requires constant reapplication |
| Ultrasonic devices | Minimal proven effectiveness | Most peer-reviewed studies show negligible impact on pigeon behavior |
| Removing food sources | Helpful as part of a broader plan | Urban environments provide too many alternative food sources for this alone |
Why Hire a Professional?
- Commercial-grade deterrent products last years, not weeks
- Safe handling and cleanup of droppings containing potentially harmful pathogens
- Knowledge of local regulations regarding bird control methods
- Trained technicians understand flock behavior and seasonal breeding patterns
- Licensed and insured protection for your Middletownchimney-cap-installation property
- Proper installation ensures spikes, netting, and exclusion devices actually work
Pigeon Control Cost Guide for Middletownchimney-cap-installation
Every property is different. The figures above are general ranges — your actual investment depends on building layout, flock size, and access difficulty. Request a free on-site assessment for an accurate estimate.
| Service | Pricing | Key Factors |
|---|---|---|
| Bird netting installation | Varies by square footage | Net material, area coverage, mounting hardware requirements |
| Electric shock track installation | Varies by linear footage | Track length, number of rows, voltage system, height of installation |
| Initial inspection and assessment | Usually free | Most professional companies offer complimentary inspections |
| Ongoing maintenance program | Monthly or quarterly retainer | Property size, severity history, number of deterrent systems maintained |
| Dropping cleanup and sanitization | Varies by area and accumulation | Square footage, depth of accumulation, accessibility, disposal requirements |
| Ledge modification and slope panels | Varies by linear footage | Material (metal vs. PVC), angle of slope, number of ledges treated |
| Bird spike installation | Varies by linear footage | Material type (plastic vs. stainless steel), height and accessibility of installation area |
Other Pigeon Control Services in Middletown
Explore additional pigeon control services we offer in Middletown, Ohio:
WD Pigeon Solutions Quality Assurance Team
Our QA specialists reviewed this content for technical accuracy based on current industry standards. Our team maintains active certifications through Bird Barrier, the National Wildlife Control Operators Association (NWCOA), and state pest control licensing boards.
Ready for Professional Chimney Cap Installation in Middletown?
Get your free, no-obligation quote from Middletown's trusted pigeon control experts.