Airport Bird Control in Texarkana, Texas. WD Pigeon Solutions provides professional airport bird control services for Texarkana property owners, including multi-species effectiveness, commercial-grade deterrents, virtually invisible systems. Contact us for a free inspection in Texarkana, Texas.
Airport Bird Control in Texarkana, Texas
FAA-compliant airport bird control programs that reduce bird strike risks and protect aircraft, passengers, and airport infrastructure — trusted by Texarkana property owners for lasting, humane results.

Last updated: January 3, 2026 · Reviewed by WD Pigeon Solutions pest control specialists
Why Texarkana Property Owners Need Professional Airport Bird Control
When pigeons target satellite dish mounting brackets and backyard shed rooflines in Texarkana, our Airport Bird Control provides the proven deterrence needed to keep them away permanently.
Pigeons cluster around movie theater buildings and big-box retail stores in Texarkana, attracted by readily available gas station convenience store waste and sheltered ledges.
Health authorities warn that pigeon guano around Texarkana buildings can release airborne spores of Histoplasma capsulatum and Cryptococcus neoformans, particularly dangerous for immunocompromised individuals.
Our Texarkana service includes a warranty on all installed materials, giving you peace of mind that your pigeon problem is solved for the long term.
The acidic uric acid in pigeon droppings eats into roofing membranes and HVAC equipment on veterinary clinic buildings and townhouse developments, shortening equipment life and increasing energy costs.
Property managers in Texarkana notice the most pigeon damage during March through October, when the temperate four-season climate accelerates both nesting and dropping accumulation.
Keeping pigeons away from Texarkana buildings long term means maintaining deterrent systems, promptly cleaning any residual droppings, and educating tenants about not feeding birds near the property.
Protect your Texarkana investment from pigeon damage. Get in touch with WD Pigeon Solutions for expert service backed by a satisfaction guarantee.

Where We Install Airport Bird Control in Texarkana
Our Texarkana team has installed airport bird solutions across all property types throughout Texas.
High-Priority Airport Bird Control Locations in Texarkana
These Texarkana property types see the most urgent demand for professional airport bird.
Texarkana Single-family homes
Single-family homes in Texarkana are prime candidates for airport bird due to heavy pigeon pressure around highway overpass ledges. Nearby school cafeteria dumpsters draw flocks that quickly establish colonies.
Texarkana Multi-family apartment complexes
Airport Bird is increasingly requested for multi-family apartment complexes in Texarkana, particularly to protect gutter and soffit intersections and reduce contamination caused by sports field concession stands.
Texarkana Townhouse developments
Townhouse developments in Texarkana combine sheltered retail store signage gaps with nearby grocery store loading areas, creating ideal conditions for persistent pigeon colonies that airport bird can address.
Texarkana Schools and community centers
Pigeon activity around schools and community centers in Texarkana frequently targets residential attic vents, with pet food left outdoors sustaining flocks that cause droppings, nesting debris, and health concerns.
Texarkana Retail chain stores
Retail chain stores face recurring pigeon pressure in Texarkana. Colonies establish around highway overpass ledges and are sustained by school cafeteria dumpsters, making professional airport bird essential for long-term protection.
Texarkana Big-box retail stores
Big-box retail stores in Texarkana are prime candidates for airport bird due to heavy pigeon pressure around gutter and soffit intersections. Nearby sports field concession stands draw flocks that quickly establish colonies.
Our Airport Bird Control Process in Texarkana
Step 1: Free On-Site Texarkana Evaluation
Our first step is understanding exactly what your Texarkana property faces. We inspect urgent care and dental clinics and schools and community centers for roosting activity, check backyard shed rooflines for nesting material, and document the extent of dropping accumulation — all at no cost to you.
Step 2: Engineered Airport Bird Solution
Our Texarkana team creates a detailed treatment blueprint mapping every identified hot zone — from backyard shed rooflines on movie theater buildings to secondary perches near assisted living facilities. Materials, fastener types, and coverage patterns are specified for each surface type on your property.
Step 3: Crew Deployment and Build-Out
Licensed technicians install your airport bird system across all identified sites on your Texarkana property. Hardware is rated for the temperate four-season climate and secured with commercial-grade fasteners designed for the specific substrates found on car dealership complexes and movie theater buildings.
Step 4: Quality Verification and Handoff
We walk you through every installed system on your Texarkana property, confirming coverage on gutter and soffit intersections and multi-family apartment complexes. You receive photographic documentation, warranty paperwork, and a maintenance guide specific to your building type.
Step 5: Ongoing Performance Guarantee
If pigeons return to any treated area within our guarantee period, we come back and address it at no additional cost. For Texarkana properties with the temperate four-season climate, this guarantee gives you confidence that the solution will hold.
Why Texarkana Chooses WD Pigeon Solutions for Airport Bird Control
Choosing a airport bird partner in Texarkana means finding someone who knows the local building stock. Our crews have treated multi-family apartment complexes, movie theater buildings, and everything in between — and that experience translates into faster, more effective installations on your property.
- Targeted treatment design — we address backyard shed rooflines, satellite dish mounting brackets, and other pressure points specific to your Texarkana building
- Weather-rated products — materials engineered for Texarkana's temperate four-season climate that maintain effectiveness long-term
- Upfront pricing — itemized quotes with no ambiguity about scope or cost
- Accountability — one team handles assessment, installation, and follow-up on your self-storage facilities
- Satisfaction guarantee — treated areas that see pigeon return are re-addressed at our expense
- Fully insured — general liability and worker's compensation for complete protection
We measure success by whether pigeons stay away from your Texarkana property — not by how many products we sell. That results-first approach has made us the preferred airport bird provider for medical office buildings and daycare and childcare centers owners across the area.
What Our Customers Say
Trusted by thousands of homeowners and businesses
“Our downtown restaurant was losing customers because of pigeons on the patio. WD Pigeon Solutions installed a nearly invisible netting system over our outdoor dining area. Customers love it and we passed our health inspection with flying colors.”
Robert Chen
Los Angeles, CA · Restaurant Pigeon Solutions
“The seasonal prevention program has been a game-changer for our property management company. WD Pigeon Solutions comes out quarterly, inspects all our properties, and addresses any issues before they become infestations. Proactive and reliable.”
Jason Patel
Henderson, NV · Seasonal Pigeon Prevention
“The property damage assessment they provided was incredibly detailed. We used it to file an insurance claim for the pigeon damage to our roof and HVAC system. The claim was approved and covered most of the repair and prevention costs.”
Gregory Adams
Indianapolis, IN · Property Damage Assessment
“We own a warehouse and the pigeon situation was creating serious OSHA concerns. The team installed a comprehensive netting system across our 50,000 sq ft ceiling. The installation crew was professional and finished ahead of schedule.”
Michael O'Brien
Denver, CO · Warehouse Bird Control
“After three different companies failed to solve our pigeon problem, WD Pigeon Solutions got it done right. They did a thorough assessment, identified entry points we didn't even know existed, and sealed everything. Problem solved permanently.”
Lisa Anderson
Seattle, WA · Structural Exclusion
“I was skeptical about the pigeon birth control program, but the results speak for themselves. Our building's pigeon population has dropped by over 80% in eight months. It's the most humane and effective long-term solution I've seen.”
Amanda Nguyen
San Francisco, CA · Pigeon Birth Control (OvoControl)
“We run a food processing plant and a pigeon infestation nearly shut us down. WD Pigeon Solutions mobilized a team the next morning. They cleared the facility, sealed every opening, and set up a monitoring program. We haven't had an issue since.”
Nicole Davis
Minneapolis, MN · Industrial Pigeon Control
“Our parking garage had a massive pigeon problem. Cars were getting damaged, tenants were threatening to leave. The electric track deterrent system they installed on every level was the only thing that worked. Zero pigeons now.”
Brian Foster
New York City, NY · Parking Garage Bird Control
“We manage a grain storage facility and pigeons were consuming and contaminating tons of product annually. WD Pigeon Solutions designed a complete exclusion system for our silos and storage buildings. The contamination losses have dropped to zero.”
Kevin Morris
Detroit, MI · Agricultural Bird Control
“Our school district hired WD Pigeon Solutions to address pigeon problems at three campuses. They handled everything—assessment, removal, cleanup, and prevention—across all locations. The kids and teachers are much happier without pigeons on the playground.”
William Turner
Nashville, TN · School & Campus Bird Control
“We needed our loading dock cleared of pigeons before a major FDA inspection. WD Pigeon Solutions responded within 24 hours, removed all nests, cleaned and sanitized the entire dock area, and installed deterrents. We passed the inspection.”
Steven Barnes
Dallas, TX · Loading Dock Bird Control
“Our rooftop AC units were full of pigeon nests and the smell coming through the vents was terrible. WD Pigeon Solutions cleaned everything out, installed screening around all units, and the air quality improved immediately. Life-changing.”
Emily Watson
San Diego, CA · AC Unit Protection
“The gutter guards they installed are fantastic. Pigeons were constantly nesting in our gutters, causing water damage to our foundation. Now the gutters flow freely and there's no place for pigeons to nest. Should have done this years ago.”
Christopher Lee
Philadelphia, PA · Gutter Guard Installation
“Our wedding venue was losing bookings because of pigeons roosting on the ceremony pergola. The deterrent gel they applied is completely invisible but pigeons won't land on it. We've had four pigeon-free weddings since the treatment.”
Laura Scott
Tampa, FL · Pigeon Deterrent Gel
“As a property manager for 12 commercial buildings, I've tried every pigeon control company in the area. WD Pigeon Solutions is the only one that delivers lasting results. They now handle all our properties and the tenants couldn't be happier.”
Daniel Jackson
Charlotte, NC · Commercial Bird Exclusion
“Our historic downtown building was being destroyed by pigeon droppings. The team used heritage-sensitive methods that don't damage the original architecture. The building looks beautiful again and the pigeons are gone. Excellent attention to detail.”
Andrew Campbell
Salt Lake City, UT · Historical Building Protection
“We tried every DIY pigeon solution on the market before calling WD Pigeon Solutions. Fake owls, shiny tape, sound machines—nothing worked. Their professional exclusion system solved the problem in one visit. Don't waste time with DIY. Call the pros.”
Heather Brown
Austin, TX · Residential Pigeon Control
“Pigeons had completely taken over our church steeple. The droppings were damaging our 100-year-old stonework. WD Pigeon Solutions used methods that protected the historic architecture while completely eliminating the pigeon colony. Truly expert work.”
Karen Phillips
Atlanta, GA · Church Steeple Protection
“Managing a 40-story office building with a pigeon problem is a nightmare. WD Pigeon Solutions brought in rope-access technicians who installed bird spikes on every ledge. The building looks clean for the first time in years. Our tenants are thrilled.”
David Park
Chicago, IL · Bird Spikes Installation
“The balcony of our condo was unusable because of pigeons. They installed a custom netting system that's barely visible and matches our building's aesthetic. We can finally enjoy our outdoor space again. Thank you!”
Rachel Kim
Portland, OR · Balcony Pigeon Proofing
“I had pigeons nesting in my chimney and could hear them cooing all night. The team installed a heavy-duty chimney cap and removed all the nesting material. No more noise, no more mess. Quick and affordable service.”
Patricia Martinez
Tucson, AZ · Chimney Cap Installation
“The pigeon wire installation on our office building's ledges is invisible from the ground but incredibly effective. No more pigeons, no more droppings on the sidewalk below, no more complaints from visitors. Professional installation from start to finish.”
Megan Taylor
Raleigh, NC · Pigeon Wire Installation
“Running a daycare with pigeons on the playground was a constant worry. WD Pigeon Solutions installed deterrents around the entire outdoor play area. The parents are relieved and the kids can play without pigeon droppings everywhere.”
Jessica Rivera
Orlando, FL · Pigeon Feces Disease Prevention
“We had an emergency situation with pigeons getting into our medical clinic through a damaged vent. WD Pigeon Solutions arrived within hours, safely removed the birds, sanitized the area, and installed proper vent screens. Fast and professional.”
Samantha White
Columbus, OH · Emergency Pigeon Removal
“The dropping cleanup alone was worth calling them. They power-washed our entire building facade, treated everything with antimicrobial solution, and then installed spikes and wire to prevent the pigeons from returning. Building looks brand new.”
Mark Sullivan
Boston, MA · Dropping Cleanup & Sanitization
“Pigeons were getting into our retail store through gaps in the roof every time the loading door opened. The strip curtain and exclusion system they installed solved both the pigeon and the temperature control problem. Highly recommend.”
Stephanie Clark
San Jose, CA · Retail Store Bird Solutions
“We had pigeons nesting under every solar panel on our roof. WD Pigeon Solutions installed mesh guards around all 24 panels and cleaned up years of droppings. Our solar output increased by 15% after the cleanup. Worth every penny.”
James Mitchell
Phoenix, AZ · Solar Panel Pigeon Protection
“The pigeon problem at our apartment complex was out of control. Droppings everywhere, nests in every corner. The team installed bird netting and spikes across the entire building. Haven't seen a single pigeon in three months.”
Sarah Thompson
Las Vegas, NV · Bird Netting Installation
“The bird spikes on our commercial building were long overdue. The installation team worked over a weekend to minimize disruption to our business. Clean, professional work and the pigeons are completely gone from our ledges.”
Thomas Rodriguez
San Antonio, TX · Bird Spikes Installation
“I called about pigeons in my attic and they came out the same day. They removed over 30 nests, sanitized everything, and sealed every entry point. It's been six months and not a single pigeon has gotten back in. Incredible service.”
Maria Gonzalez
Houston, TX · Attic Pigeon Removal
“Third solar panel company told us we needed pigeon protection or they wouldn't honor the warranty. WD Pigeon Solutions installed critter guards on all 32 panels in one day. Clean work, fair price, and our warranty stays intact.”
Ryan Cooper
Scottsdale, AZ · Solar Panel Pigeon Protection
“Pigeons were destroying our hotel's pool area. Guests complained constantly about droppings on lounge chairs and in the water. The deterrent system they installed is invisible to guests but 100% effective. Our reviews have improved dramatically.”
Jennifer Williams
Miami, FL · Hotel Bird Management
Common Pigeon Problems in Texarkana That Require Airport Bird Control
Across Texarkana, pigeon populations thrive near schools and community centers where open trash receptacles at parks and school cafeteria dumpsters create ideal foraging conditions.
The corrosive uric acid in pigeon waste degrades roofing membranes and waterproofing coatings on Texarkana commercial buildings, leading to leaks and costly repairs.
Pigeon nests and droppings in Texarkana are known vectors for ectoparasites such as bird mites, ticks, and pigeon flies, which can migrate into occupied spaces and cause skin irritation.
Pigeon droppings that accumulate faster than maintenance crews can clean them indicate an established roosting site on your Texarkana property that requires exclusion measures, not just cleaning.
Pigeon damage is particularly costly for self-storage facilities and assisted living facilities, where droppings can corrode building materials and create slip hazards.
Texarkana experiences concentrated pigeon pressure during March through October due to its temperate four-season climate, which extends the breeding window beyond that of many other regions.

When to Schedule Airport Bird Control in Texarkana
Timing your airport bird work with Texarkana's seasonal pigeon patterns maximizes effectiveness.
Spring (Mar–May)
60–85°FNesting intensifies. Abundant warm-weather food sources fuel rapid population growth across the region.
Recommendation
Act early. Spring exclusion prevents summer population explosions.
Summer (Jun–Aug)
80–100°FContinuous breeding in hot, humid conditions. Pigeons seek shade under carports, awnings, and covered structures.
Recommendation
Check covered areas and carports frequently. Droppings accelerate mold growth.
Fall (Sep–Nov)
60–85°FPopulations remain large. Tropical weather events may displace flocks to new buildings.
Recommendation
Post-storm inspections are critical to catch displaced pigeons early.
Winter (Dec–Feb)
40–65°FMild winters allow nearly uninterrupted breeding. Colonies maintain size through the cool season.
Recommendation
Year-round monitoring is essential. Do not assume winter will reduce populations.
Texarkana Weather and Airport Bird Control Timing
How Texarkana's seasonal climate affects pigeon behavior and optimal airport bird scheduling.
| Season | Avg High | Avg Low | Precipitation | Pigeon Impact |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spring | 78°F | 56°F | 4.0 in/mo | Breeding accelerates with warming temps |
| Summer | 92°F | 72°F | 5.5 in/mo | Continuous breeding; shade-seeking behavior (peak activity: March through October) |
| Fall | 76°F | 55°F | 3.5 in/mo | Populations remain high; storm displacement |
| Winter | 58°F | 38°F | 3.8 in/mo | Mild enough for year-round breeding |
Airport Bird Control Facts Every Texarkana Property Owner Should Know
Airport Bird Control Facts for Texarkana Property Owners
- Dried pigeon droppings become airborne particulate matter that can transmit histoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and psittacosis — a particular concern for daycare and childcare centers in Texarkana
- Pigeon nesting debris near electrical equipment and in gutter and soffit intersections represents a fire hazard that proper airport bird eliminates
- Pigeon droppings are acidic (pH 3.5–4.5) and corrode metal, concrete, stonework, and painted surfaces on schools and community centers and car dealership complexes over time, leading to costly repairs
- A nesting pair of pigeons can produce 6–8 eggs per year, with chicks reaching reproductive maturity in approximately 6 months — making early airport bird intervention on urgent care and dental clinics far more cost-effective than delayed action
- Airport Bird Control on highway overpass ledges and satellite dish mounting brackets prevents the buildup that leads to expensive emergency remediation later
- Pigeons are creatures of habit — they return to the same playground shelter roofs and highway overpass ledges generation after generation unless physically excluded, which is why airport bird outperforms temporary scare tactics
- The average property owner waits months before addressing a pigeon problem — by which time populations have grown and structural damage to movie theater buildings has begun
- A single pigeon produces approximately 25 lbs of droppings per year — across a typical urban flock, self-storage facilities in Texarkana can accumulate hundreds of pounds of corrosive waste annually
Our Services
Professional pigeon and bird control solutions tailored to your property and needs.

Pigeon Exclusion
Permanent physical barriers that prevent pigeons from roosting and nesting. Solar panel guards, building exclusion, and custom solutions for any structure.
Learn More
Pigeon Netting
Heavy-duty pigeon netting systems for courtyards, loading docks, canopies, and large openings. UV-stabilized mesh keeps birds out while maintaining aesthetics.
Learn More
Pigeon Control
Complete pigeon removal and population management for residential and commercial properties. We use humane, proven methods to eliminate pigeon problems for good.
Learn MoreAirport Bird Control in Texarkana — Expert Pigeon Control
Watch how WD Pigeon Solutions delivers professional airport bird for Texarkana, Texas property owners.

Free Pigeon Control Tools
Use our interactive tools to assess your pigeon problem and find the right solution.
Warranty Coverage Checker
Check if your existing pigeon control installation is still under warranty and learn about coverage terms and claim procedures.
Use ToolProperty Risk Evaluator
Evaluate your property's vulnerability to pigeon infestation based on building type, location, nearby food sources, and structural features.
Use ToolROI Calculator for Pigeon Prevention
Calculate the return on investment for pigeon prevention measures by comparing upfront costs against ongoing damage and cleanup expenses.
Use ToolService Area Finder
Enter your zip code or city to find the nearest WD Pigeon Solutions service area and get connected with local pigeon control experts.
Use ToolPigeon Species Identifier
Upload a photo or describe the bird you've spotted to identify the species and learn about its behavior, nesting habits, and control methods.
Use ToolDroppings Health Risk Checker
Assess the health risks associated with pigeon droppings at your property based on accumulation level, location, and exposure factors.
Use ToolDid You Know?
Fascinating pigeon facts that might surprise you.
Pigeons can fly at speeds of up to 77.6 mph, making them one of the fastest birds in the world.
Pigeons mate for life and can breed up to 8 times per year, producing 2 eggs each time.
A flock of just 100 pigeons can produce over 2,400 pounds of droppings in a single year.
Pigeons have been domesticated for over 5,000 years — they were the first bird humans ever domesticated.
Pigeon droppings are highly acidic (pH 3-4.5) and can eat through car paint, concrete, and roofing materials.
Pigeons can recognize all 26 letters of the English alphabet and can even be trained to distinguish between paintings by Monet and Picasso.
Airport Bird Control FAQ — Texarkana, Texas
Find answers to common questions about our pigeon control services.
Airport Bird Control Near Texarkana
We also provide airport bird services throughout Texas.
How It Works
Getting pigeon-free is easy. Just three simple steps.
Contact Us
Call us, fill out our form, or chat online. Describe your pigeon problem and we'll listen carefully.
Get Free Quote
We'll assess your situation and provide a detailed, no-obligation quote — completely free.
Schedule Service
Pick a time that works for you. Our licensed professionals will handle the rest — guaranteed.
Common Pigeon Infestations
Identify your pigeon problem and learn about effective solutions.
MediumBalcony & Patio Invasion
Pigeons roosting on balconies and patios leave droppings, feathers, and nesting debris that create unsanitary conditions and make outdoor spaces unusable.
Learn More
HighHVAC & Ductwork Nesting
Pigeons nesting near HVAC systems spread diseases through ventilation, clog filters, and cause expensive equipment failures and indoor air quality problems.
Learn More
HighRoof & Attic Nesting
Pigeons nesting in roof gaps, attic vents, and under eaves cause structural damage, blocked drainage, and health hazards from accumulated droppings and nesting materials.
Learn More
CriticalSolar Panel Infestations
Pigeons nest under solar panels for warmth and shelter, damaging wiring, reducing energy output by up to 30%, and voiding manufacturer warranties.
Learn MoreAirport Bird Control Resources for Texarkana
Everything you need to make an informed decision about airport bird in Texarkana, Texas.
All Texarkana Pigeon Control
Complete pigeon management services in Texarkana, TX.
Airport Bird Control Overview
Learn everything about our professional airport bird control solutions.
All Texas Services
Browse all pigeon control service locations in Texas.
Free Pigeon Control Tools
Use our interactive calculators and cost estimators.
Pigeon Prevention Guide
Expert tips for keeping pigeons away permanently.
Customer Reviews
Read what property owners across the US say about our work.
Airport Bird Control in Beaumont
Professional airport bird services in Beaumont, Texas.
Airport Bird Control in Austin
Professional airport bird services in Austin, Texas.
Airport Bird Control in Edinburg
Professional airport bird services in Edinburg, Texas.
DIY vs. Professional Pigeon Control in Texarkanaairport-bird-control
| DIY Method | Effectiveness | Limitation |
|---|---|---|
| Visual deterrents (fake owls, reflective tape) | Temporarily effective for 1-2 weeks | Pigeons quickly habituate and ignore them |
| Sealing individual entry points | Effective for specific openings | Pigeons find alternative entry points without comprehensive exclusion |
| Homemade spice or vinegar sprays | Very short-term deterrent | Washes away with rain and requires constant reapplication |
| Removing food sources | Helpful as part of a broader plan | Urban environments provide too many alternative food sources for this alone |
| Ultrasonic devices | Minimal proven effectiveness | Most peer-reviewed studies show negligible impact on pigeon behavior |
Why Hire a Professional?
- Commercial-grade deterrent products last years, not weeks
- Safe handling and cleanup of droppings containing potentially harmful pathogens
- Licensed and insured protection for your Texarkanaairport-bird-control property
- Comprehensive property assessment identifies all roosting and nesting sites
- Trained technicians understand flock behavior and seasonal breeding patterns
- Follow-up monitoring ensures pigeons do not relocate to other parts of your property
Pigeon Control Cost Guide for Texarkanaairport-bird-control
Pricing depends on the scope of work needed. We provide transparent, itemized quotes after a complimentary property inspection so there are no surprises.
| Service | Pricing | Key Factors |
|---|---|---|
| Dropping cleanup and sanitization | Varies by area and accumulation | Square footage, depth of accumulation, accessibility, disposal requirements |
| Bird netting installation | Varies by square footage | Net material, area coverage, mounting hardware requirements |
| Pigeon trapping and removal | Varies by scope | Number of pigeons, duration of trapping program, follow-up visits |
| Solar panel protection | Varies by system size | Number of panels, roof type, critter guard material |
| Ongoing maintenance program | Monthly or quarterly retainer | Property size, severity history, number of deterrent systems maintained |
| Ledge modification and slope panels | Varies by linear footage | Material (metal vs. PVC), angle of slope, number of ledges treated |
| Initial inspection and assessment | Usually free | Most professional companies offer complimentary inspections |
Other Pigeon Control Services in Texarkana
Explore additional pigeon control services we offer in Texarkana, Texas:
WD Pigeon Solutions Technical Division
This page was prepared and verified by our field operations team, which has completed over 10,000 pigeon exclusion installations worldwide. All methods described follow EPA-registered protocols and manufacturer-specified best practices for commercial bird control products.
Ready for Professional Airport Bird Control in Texarkana?
Get your free, no-obligation quote from Texarkana's trusted pigeon control experts.