Chattanooga, Tennessee professional pigeon control and bird removal services. WD Pigeon Solutions provides humane pigeon deterrent installation, bird exclusion, dropping cleanup, and prevention programs in Chattanooga and surrounding areas. Connect with vetted local providers for a free assessment.

Pigeon Control in Chattanooga, Tennessee — Humane Bird Removal & Prevention

Professional pigeon control services for residential, commercial, and industrial properties in Chattanooga. Free inspections available, long-lasting results, and humane methods that work.

Free InspectionsHumane MethodsLong-Lasting ResultsVetted Providers

Get Your Free Quote

Fill out the form below and we'll get back to you within 24 hours.

Property Type

By submitting this form, WD Pigeon Solutions may use your information to respond to your request and, where needed, share your details with a sister company or affiliated local provider to help with quotes, scheduling, or service. See our Privacy Policy.

Pigeon control and bird removal services in Chattanooga, Tennessee

Last updated: February 25, 2026 · Content reviewed for accuracy

Pigeon Control in Chattanooga: The Growing Challenge

Across Chattanooga, Tennessee, pigeons have established thriving colonies that pose health and structural risks to properties of every type.

Pigeons cluster around apartment complexes and transit stations in Chattanooga, attracted by readily available outdoor dining areas and sheltered ledges.

Pigeon nests and droppings in Chattanooga are known vectors for ectoparasites such as bird mites, ticks, and pigeon flies, which can migrate into occupied spaces and cause skin irritation.

Certified technicians in Chattanooga install commercial-grade bird spikes on building cornices and parapets and loading docks, providing long-lasting deterrence without harming the birds.

For restaurants and cafes and mixed-use developments, pigeon infestations reduce curb appeal and can drive away customers or tenants who find the mess unacceptable.

Chattanooga experiences concentrated pigeon pressure during March through September due to its urban heat-island climate with warm concrete corridors, which extends the breeding window beyond that of many other regions.

Effective pigeon prevention in Chattanooga requires eliminating food sources, sealing entry points, and installing physical deterrents on roosting surfaces.

Ready to reclaim your Chattanooga property from pigeons? Reach out to WD Pigeon Solutions for a no-obligation site evaluation and quote.

Pigeon Control Services Available in Chattanooga

Browse our specialized pigeon control services available in Chattanooga, Tennessee:

View all 51 services
Pigeon Birth Control (OvoControl) in ChattanoogaLedge Modification in ChattanoogaStructural Exclusion in ChattanoogaAttic Pigeon Removal in ChattanoogaAC Unit Protection in ChattanoogaWarehouse Bird Control in ChattanoogaRestaurant Pigeon Solutions in ChattanoogaHotel Bird Management in ChattanoogaChurch Steeple Protection in ChattanoogaStadium & Arena Bird Control in ChattanoogaBridge Pigeon Abatement in ChattanoogaParking Garage Bird Control in ChattanoogaSign & Billboard Protection in ChattanoogaChimney Cap Installation in ChattanoogaGutter Guard Installation in ChattanoogaVent Screen Installation in ChattanoogaRoof Peak Protection in ChattanoogaPigeon Deterrent Gel in ChattanoogaElectric Track Bird Deterrent in ChattanoogaPigeon Hazard Assessment in ChattanoogaCommercial Bird Exclusion in ChattanoogaIndustrial Pigeon Control in ChattanoogaResidential Pigeon Control in ChattanoogaEmergency Pigeon Removal in ChattanoogaSeasonal Pigeon Prevention in ChattanoogaPigeon Nest Removal in ChattanoogaBird Barrier Installation in ChattanoogaPigeon Feces Disease Prevention in ChattanoogaProperty Damage Assessment in ChattanoogaHumane Pigeon Relocation in ChattanoogaPigeon Population Management in ChattanoogaLoading Dock Bird Control in ChattanoogaAgricultural Bird Control in ChattanoogaHistorical Building Protection in ChattanoogaHigh-Rise Bird Management in ChattanoogaRetail Store Bird Solutions in ChattanoogaSchool & Campus Bird Control in ChattanoogaHospital Bird Management in ChattanoogaAirport Bird Control in Chattanooga
Professional pigeon exclusion installation in Chattanooga — bird control services

Pigeon Control Services Available in Chattanooga, Tennessee

From convention centers to government office complexes, pigeon infestations across Chattanooga, Tennessee demand tailored solutions that match each building's vulnerabilities. WD Pigeon Solutions connects you with providers who begin every project with a no-cost property evaluation, mapping active roosts around bridge abutments and overpasses and decorative architectural ledges before recommending a single treatment or a multi-system approach.

Pigeon control services available in Chattanooga include:

  • Bird Spike Installation — Stainless steel and polycarbonate spikes mounted along bridge abutments and overpasses, signage brackets, and rooftop equipment to permanently eliminate landing surfaces. Especially effective on convention centers where pigeons exploit narrow perching strips.
  • Pigeon Exclusion & Netting — UV-stabilized polyethylene netting stretched across courtyards, loading bays, and recessed facades. The nets carry a 10-year manufacturer warranty and are nearly invisible from ground level — a critical consideration for government office complexes where appearance matters.
  • Solar Panel Pigeon Guards — Critter guard mesh custom-fitted around the full perimeter of rooftop arrays. Blocks nesting access without affecting panel output or voiding manufacturer warranties. One of the most requested services in Chattanooga.
  • Shock Track Systems — Discreet, low-voltage strips that deliver a harmless deterrent pulse when pigeons land. The preferred solution for heritage facades and architecturally prominent hospital and medical towers in Chattanooga where traditional hardware would be conspicuous.
  • Dropping Cleanup & Sanitization — OSHA-compliant removal of droppings, nests, feathers, and biological debris followed by hospital-grade disinfection. Particularly important for Chattanooga properties where accumulation around decorative architectural ledges has created health or code-compliance risks.
  • Ongoing Maintenance Plans — Annual and semi-annual service agreements that include scheduled inspections, hardware checks, surface cleaning, and warranty coverage to keep your Chattanooga property permanently pigeon-free.

Common Pigeon Problems in Chattanooga

Chattanooga's commercial storefronts are especially vulnerable to pigeon colonization because of proximity to dense foot traffic areas and transit station food kiosks.

Chattanooga property inspectors frequently cite pigeon droppings as a factor in premature deterioration of exterior cladding, window sealants, and decorative stonework.

In Chattanooga, pigeon-contaminated HVAC intakes can distribute fungal spores throughout entire buildings, increasing the risk of respiratory infections among employees and residents.

In Chattanooga, an increase in bird mites or pigeon flies inside a building is a strong indicator that pigeons are nesting within the structure itself, not just on exterior surfaces.

Owners of government buildings and entertainment venues face ongoing maintenance costs as pigeon guano accelerates the deterioration of painted surfaces, metal fixtures, and stonework.

Because of Chattanooga's urban heat-island climate with warm concrete corridors, pigeon-related complaints spike during March through September as birds raise multiple broods in quick succession.

Bird spike installation on a Chattanooga commercial building — pigeon control

Top Pigeon Hotspots in Chattanooga

Key areas across Chattanooga where pigeon infestations concentrate and cause the most damage.

High ActivityMorning hours (7–11 AM)

Chattanooga Hospital and medical towers Zone

Hospital and medical towers in Chattanooga are frequent pigeon hotspots — particularly around bridge abutments and overpasses. Established flocks exploit these sheltered areas for roosting and nesting year after year.

High ActivityEvening (4–7 PM)

Chattanooga Parking Structures

Parking structures with sheltered upper levels in Chattanooga provide pigeons with elevated, weather-protected perching. Droppings accumulate on vehicles and stairwells, creating safety and aesthetic concerns.

Medium ActivityEarly morning (6–9 AM)

Chattanooga Apartment complexes Zone

Apartment complexes in Chattanooga are frequent pigeon hotspots — particularly around underground tunnel entrances. Established flocks exploit these sheltered areas for roosting and nesting year after year.

High ActivityMid-morning (9–11 AM)

Chattanooga Public Parks & Outdoor Dining

Public parks and outdoor dining areas where food is available sustain pigeon flocks across Chattanooga. Visitors and diners provide a steady food supply that anchors colonies to nearby buildings.

Moderate ActivityAfternoon (12–3 PM)

Chattanooga Vacant & Abandoned Buildings

Abandoned or vacant buildings with easy access points in Chattanooga become unmonitored pigeon colonies that can grow into surrounding properties.

Medium ActivityLate afternoon (3–6 PM)

Chattanooga Convention centers Zone

Convention centers in Chattanooga are frequent pigeon hotspots — particularly around transit station platform canopies. Established flocks exploit these sheltered areas for roosting and nesting year after year.

Why Use WD Pigeon Solutions in Chattanooga?

Not all pigeon control companies serving Chattanooga deliver lasting results. The difference between a quick fix and a permanent solution comes down to expertise, materials, and accountability. WD Pigeon Solutions brings all three to every project on residential high-rises and restaurants and cafes across Tennessee:

Reliable Exclusion Systems — Installations are backed by manufacturer warranties up to 25 years. Confirm warranty terms with your provider for details on coverage.

Building-Specific Expertise — Chattanooga's mix of apartment complexes and parking garages demands different exclusion approaches. Matched providers evaluate each structure individually and match materials to the building's architecture, exposure, and pigeon pressure patterns.

Completely Humane — Work in Chattanooga relies on physical barriers that prevent roosting and nesting without harming pigeons. No poisons, no lethal devices. Every method meets the standards set by federal wildlife regulations and Tennessee law.

No-Obligation Inspections — You receive a free inspection of your Chattanooga property with a written, itemized quote. Every line item is explained so you understand what you're paying for — and why it matters.

One Point of Contact, Every Step — From the initial walkthrough through exclusion installation, dropping cleanup, and annual maintenance, WD Pigeon Solutions coordinates the entire process. Chattanooga clients work with a single dedicated process rather than coordinating across vendors.

Fully Licensed & Insured — Matched providers carry commercial liability coverage and state licensing that meets every requirement for operating in Chattanooga, Tennessee. Your property is protected at each phase of the project.

Seasonal Pigeon Activity in Chattanooga

How pigeon behavior in Chattanooga shifts through the year — and when to act.

Spring (Mar–May)

60–85°F

Nesting intensifies. Abundant warm-weather food sources fuel rapid population growth across the region.

Our Recommendation:

Early-spring netting installations lock pigeons out before the humid breeding surge begins.

Summer (Jun–Aug)

80–100°F

Continuous breeding in hot, humid conditions. Pigeons seek shade under carports, awnings, and covered structures.

Our Recommendation:

Install additional deterrents on shaded structures that become summer refuges for heat-stressed flocks.

Fall (Sep–Nov)

60–85°F

Populations remain large. Tropical weather events may displace flocks to new buildings.

Our Recommendation:

Re-secure any storm-loosened exclusion hardware before fall breeding ramps up again.

Winter (Dec–Feb)

40–65°F

Mild winters allow nearly uninterrupted breeding. Colonies maintain size through the cool season.

Our Recommendation:

Take advantage of cooler temperatures for major installation projects that are harder to staff in summer heat.

What to Expect During Your Chattanooga Pigeon Control Service

When you schedule pigeon control service through WD Pigeon Solutions in Chattanooga, here's exactly what happens:

Step 1: Free Property Inspection — A local provider visits your Chattanooga property to conduct a thorough assessment. They examine loading docks, transit station platform canopies, rooflines, HVAC equipment, solar panels, and every potential entry point. This inspection typically takes 30–60 minutes depending on property size.

Step 2: Custom Treatment Plan — Based on the findings, a detailed plan is presented outlining which methods will be deployed at each location on your property, estimated timelines, and exact costs. The provider explains why each solution was selected and answers all your questions.

Step 3: Professional Installation — The provider's crew arrives on the scheduled date with all necessary equipment, including commercial lifts and safety gear for multi-story work. Most residential installations in Chattanooga are completed in a single day. Larger projects on parking garages may take 2–5 days depending on scope.

Step 4: Cleanup & Sanitization — All existing pigeon droppings, nesting material, and debris are removed from treated areas. Surfaces are cleaned and disinfected using professional-grade products that neutralize health hazards.

Step 5: Final Walkthrough — The provider conducts a detailed walkthrough with you, explaining everything that was installed, demonstrating how exclusion systems work, and providing care instructions. You receive warranty documentation for all products installed.

Step 6: Follow-Up & Monitoring — A follow-up occurs within 30 days to verify that your Chattanooga property remains pigeon-free. Annual maintenance plans are available for ongoing protection and peace of mind.

Pigeon dropping cleanup and sanitization in Chattanooga — professional bird control

Chattanooga Pigeon Facts & Statistics

Pigeon control decisions in Chattanooga benefit from understanding the data behind the problem:

  • Building vulnerability index — Properties like commercial storefronts and convention centers rank among the most susceptible structures in Southeast regions due to abundant ledge space and sheltered alcoves
  • Annual waste per bird: Each pigeon deposits roughly 25 pounds of droppings per year — a flock of just 50 birds generates over half a ton of corrosive waste on Chattanooga surfaces annually
  • Breeding window — Chattanooga's urban heat-island climate with warm concrete corridors supports breeding through March through September, giving pigeons more reproductive cycles per year than colder regions
  • Disease transmission risk: Over 60 diseases associated with pigeon droppings, including histoplasmosis and cryptococcosis — a serious concern for hotels and mixed-use developments
  • Reproductive capacity: One breeding pair can produce 6–8 offspring annually under Southeast conditions, with juveniles breeding at just 6 months old
  • Urban pigeon lifespan: 3–5 years typically, though some urban pigeons survive 10–15 years when food is abundant
  • Homing instinct: Pigeons return to established roosting sites across generations — simply chasing them off without exclusion is always temporary
  • Surface damage: Droppings register pH 3.5–4.5, actively corroding metal, stone, and paint finishes found on Chattanooga's commercial storefronts
  • Airborne contamination: Dried pigeon droppings become powdery and release fungal spores carried by wind across significant distances
  • Economic impact: Pigeon-related maintenance and damage repair costs Chattanooga property owners thousands annually, particularly for hotels

Chattanooga Weather & Pigeon Activity

How Chattanooga's typical weather conditions influence pigeon behavior throughout the year.

SeasonAvg HighAvg LowPrecipitationPigeon Impact
Spring80°F59°F4.0 in/moBreeding accelerates with warming temps
Summer94°F75°F5.5 in/moContinuous breeding; shade-seeking behavior (peak activity: March through September)
Fall78°F58°F3.5 in/moPopulations remain high; storm displacement
Winter60°F41°F3.8 in/moMild enough for year-round breeding

Getting to Your Chattanooga Service Appointment

Traffic and scheduling considerations for Chattanooga pigeon control services.

Morning Appointments

Suitable for residential properties in Chattanooga. Early starts (7–9 AM) let the crew complete most installations before afternoon heat or traffic. Pigeons are highly active at dawn, making morning the ideal time for behavioral assessment.

Midday Appointments

Suitable for commercial properties in Chattanooga where early access may be restricted. Providers navigate Chattanooga traffic patterns efficiently, and midday scheduling avoids peak commute hours for both the crew and your business operations.

Weekend & Flexible Scheduling

Many providers offer Saturday appointments for Chattanooga properties where weekday access is difficult. Urgent situations are often accommodated quickly. Contact us and we'll help find a time that works for your schedule.

What Our Customers Say

Trusted by thousands of homeowners and businesses

As a restaurant owner, I needed someone fast for a health inspection issue. WD Pigeon Solutions matched me with a provider who came out the next day. The service saved me from a potential violation. Highly recommend using a matching service instead of cold-calling companies.

Thomas Hernandez

Miami, FL · Restaurant Pigeon Solutions

Great referral experience. I described my warehouse pigeon problem, and within 24 hours I was speaking with a commercial bird control provider who understood the scale of the project. The referral was spot on for what I needed.

Cynthia Park

Denver, CO · Warehouse Bird Control

Good experience overall. The provider I was matched with did quality work on our balcony netting. The only hiccup was some back-and-forth on scheduling, but once they arrived, the installation was quick and the netting is nearly invisible.

Patricia Winters

Seattle, WA · Balcony Pigeon Proofing

I was skeptical about using a matching service, but it turned out to be the easiest part of the whole process. They asked the right questions upfront so the provider arrived already knowing what to expect. The exclusion system has held up beautifully through two seasons now.

Martha Jennings

Nashville, TN · Structural Exclusion

I had no idea where to find a reliable pigeon control company. WD Pigeon Solutions matched me with a local specialist who did a great job sealing up my attic. Saved me hours of researching and calling around.

Linda Foster

Austin, TX · Attic Sealing

The matching service worked well. Took about a day to get connected, and the provider they sent was knowledgeable. Only giving 4 stars because the provider's availability was tighter than I expected — had to wait a week for the install.

Raymond Okonkwo

Chicago, IL · Bird Spikes Installation

Our hotel's rooftop HVAC units were a pigeon magnet. WD Pigeon Solutions connected us with a commercial provider who installed screening around all 12 units over a weekend so there was zero guest disruption. Really appreciated how quickly they found someone who could handle the scale.

Vikram Patel

San Diego, CA · AC Unit Protection

WD Pigeon Solutions connected me with a local provider who installed solar panel mesh guards. The process was smooth — submitted my info and had a quote within hours. The provider they matched me with was professional and thorough.

Mark Reynolds

Phoenix, AZ · Solar Panel Protection

The provider they matched us with did solid work on our loading dock deterrents, but communication between referral and install took a few days longer than I'd hoped. The end result was good — just wish the handoff was smoother. Would still use the service again.

Gloria Simmons

Tampa, FL · Loading Dock Bird Control

I manage a portfolio of properties and was tired of vetting pigeon control companies one by one. Now I use WD Pigeon Solutions for every property — they connect me with vetted providers and handle the initial screening. Streamlined my workflow significantly.

James Okafor

Oakland, CA · Multi-Property Management

Our church had pigeons in the bell tower for years. Several companies gave us quotes but none seemed right. The provider WD Pigeon Solutions referred specialized in historic buildings and knew exactly how to protect the original structure. Bless them.

Susan Talbot

Charlotte, NC · Church Steeple Protection

The matching was fast and the provider quotes were competitive. I ended up getting quotes from two providers through the service and chose the one with the better warranty. It's helpful to have options without doing the legwork myself.

Derek Lin

Portland, OR · Gutter Guard Installation

Chattanooga, Tennessee Pigeon Control FAQ

Find answers to common questions about our pigeon control services.

Did You Know?

Fascinating pigeon facts that might surprise you.

Pigeons mate for life and can breed up to 8 times per year, producing 2 eggs each time.

Pigeon droppings carry over 60 transmittable diseases, including histoplasmosis and cryptococcosis.

Feral pigeon populations can double in just 2 months under ideal conditions.

Pigeons can recognize all 26 letters of the English alphabet and can even be trained to distinguish between paintings by Monet and Picasso.

A single pigeon produces about 25 pounds of droppings per year, which can corrode metal and damage building facades.

Pigeons can fly at speeds of up to 77.6 mph, making them one of the fastest birds in the world.

Pigeon Control in Chattanooga, Tennessee

See how WD Pigeon Solutions connects Chattanooga properties with providers using professional, humane pigeon removal and exclusion techniques.

Pigeon control professional at work
WD Pigeon Solutions — Professional Pigeon Control2:45

How It Works

Getting pigeon-free is easy. Just three simple steps.

1

Contact Us

Call us, fill out our form, or chat online. Describe your pigeon problem and we'll listen carefully.

2

Get Free Quote

We'll assess your situation and provide a detailed, no-obligation quote — completely free.

3

Schedule Service

Pick a time that works for you. Our licensed professionals will handle the rest — guaranteed.

Email Us

Other Cities Near Chattanooga

Providers are also available in these nearby Tennessee communities.

Warning Signs of a Pigeon Problem in Chattanooga

  • Nesting materials (twigs, feathers, debris) visible in building crevices or under eaves
  • Feathers and debris collecting near air intake vents or HVAC systems
  • Increased insect activity (mites, ticks, beetles) associated with pigeon nests
  • Groups of pigeons repeatedly returning to the same rooftop or ledge at dusk
  • Eggshell fragments or juvenile birds visible on rooftops or in building cavities
  • Visible damage to rooftop equipment, solar panels, or signage
  • Accumulation of droppings on ledges, windowsills, rooftops, or walkways
  • Persistent cooing sounds, especially in early morning and evening hours
  • White streaking below rooflines or window ledges indicating active roosts above
  • Unpleasant odors from droppings and decomposing nesting materials

DIY vs. Professional Pigeon Control in Chattanooga

DIY MethodEffectivenessLimitation
Water sprinklers or motion spraysSome short-term deterrenceNot practical for rooftops or upper ledges; water waste and maintenance cost
Sealing individual entry pointsEffective for specific openingsPigeons find alternative entry points without comprehensive exclusion
Ultrasonic devicesMinimal proven effectivenessMost peer-reviewed studies show negligible impact on pigeon behavior
Visual deterrents (fake owls, reflective tape)Temporarily effective for 1-2 weeksPigeons quickly habituate and ignore them
Bird gel or sticky repellentMildly effective on flat ledgesCollects dust and debris quickly, loses stickiness, and can trap small songbirds

Why Hire a Professional?

  • Knowledge of local regulations regarding bird control methods
  • Proper installation ensures spikes, netting, and exclusion devices actually work
  • Follow-up monitoring ensures pigeons do not relocate to other parts of your property
  • Trained technicians understand flock behavior and seasonal breeding patterns
  • Comprehensive property assessment identifies all roosting and nesting sites
  • Commercial-grade deterrent products last years, not weeks

Pigeon Prevention Checklist for Chattanooga Properties

TaskFrequencyImportance
Inspect building exterior for new nesting activityMonthlyHigh
Inspect bird spikes and netting for damage or displacementQuarterlyMedium
Clean gutters and drainage systems of nesting debrisBiannuallyMedium
Assess effectiveness of current deterrent measuresAnnuallyHigh
Check loading dock and dumpster areas for spilled grain or food wasteWeeklyHigh
Power-wash stained surfaces to remove acidic residue before it etchesQuarterlyMedium
Check and repair gaps in building envelope (vents, soffits, eaves)QuarterlyCritical
Ensure trash containers are sealed and food waste is managedDailyHigh

Health Risks from Pigeon Infestations in Chattanooga

Pigeon droppings and nests harbor pathogens that pose real health risks. Professional cleanup is strongly recommended.

Psittacosis

Cause: Inhalation of Chlamydia psittaci bacteria from dried droppings or feather dust

Symptoms: Pneumonia-like illness with fever, headache, and dry cough

Source: CDC — Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Ectoparasite infestations

Cause: Pigeon mites, ticks, and bird bugs that can migrate into living spaces from nearby nests

Symptoms: Skin irritation, bites; potential secondary infections

Source: University extension entomology departments

Cryptococcosis

Cause: Exposure to Cryptococcus neoformans fungus commonly found in pigeon droppings

Symptoms: Lung infection that may spread to the nervous system, causing meningitis

Source: CDC — Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Histoplasmosis

Cause: Inhalation of Histoplasma capsulatum spores found in dried pigeon droppings

Symptoms: Fever, chest pain, cough; can become severe in immunocompromised individuals

Source: CDC — Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

E. coli infection

Cause: Pigeon droppings carry Escherichia coli strains that contaminate surfaces and water sources

Symptoms: Diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea; severe strains can cause kidney complications

Source: CDC — Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Health information sourced from CDC and WHO public health guidelines. Consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

Pigeon Control Cost Guide for Chattanooga

Actual costs vary based on property size, severity of infestation, and specific methods required. Contact us for a free inspection and customized quote.

ServicePricingKey Factors
Bird spike installationVaries by linear footageMaterial type (plastic vs. stainless steel), height and accessibility of installation area
Dropping cleanup and sanitizationVaries by area and accumulationSquare footage, depth of accumulation, accessibility, disposal requirements
Pigeon trapping and removalVaries by scopeNumber of pigeons, duration of trapping program, follow-up visits
Solar panel protectionVaries by system sizeNumber of panels, roof type, critter guard material
Initial inspection and assessmentUsually freeMost professional companies offer complimentary inspections
Ongoing maintenance programMonthly or quarterly retainerProperty size, severity history, number of deterrent systems maintained
Electric shock track installationVaries by linear footageTrack length, number of rows, voltage system, height of installation

Get Pigeon-Free in Chattanooga, Tennessee

Request your free inspection and quote today. Providers in Chattanooga are ready to help.

Get Your Free Quote

Fill out the form below and we'll get back to you within 24 hours.

Property Type

By submitting this form, WD Pigeon Solutions may use your information to respond to your request and, where needed, share your details with a sister company or affiliated local provider to help with quotes, scheduling, or service. See our Privacy Policy.